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Unit: Biodiversity and Change Unit Essential Question: How does natural selection explain how organisms have changed over time? Concept: Adaptations How do structural, functional, and behavioral adaptations enable organisms to survive under various environmental conditions? (CLE 3210.5.1) What are the different structural, functional, and behavioral adaptations of animals and plants that are found in different environments? (SPI 3210.5.1) Adaptation– any structure or behavior that increases an organism’s chance of survival Structural adaptation Related to its form, or structure. Functional adaptation Related to the way its body works Behavioral adaptation Something an animal does to help it survive. Structural and Functional Adaptations of Plants Structural adaptations of desert plants Wide-spreading, shallow roots Long, deep root systems Hairy leaves Spines Wax coatings Thick stems and leaves Functional adaptations of desert plants Perform photosynthesis in their stems Leafless Flowers open only at night Grow slowly Flowers bloom quickly, all at once after rain Tropical Rainforest Plant Adaptations Thin topsoil Shallow roots Prop and stilt roots Waxy leaves Curved leaves Adaptations in Animals Cold environments Dry climates Blubber Layered fur Active only at night Fluffing of feathers Large ears Migration Produce little urine Hibernation Adaptations in Animals High Altitude Deep Water Pheromones Increased RBC More capillaries Rapid breathing Other adaptations Flexible rib cages Vision Quills and odor Coevolution When two species each evolve in response to changes in the other. Also occurs in predator – prey relationships Concept: Form and Function What is the relationship between form and function in living things? (CLE 3210.5.2, 3210.5.1, SPI 3210.5.2) Evolution – process by which species change over time. Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures Embryology Chemical Structures Homologous structures Similar structures Different functions Analogous Structures Different structures Similar functions Vestigial Structures Body parts that have no apparent function Embryology – study of embryos Evidence that the organisms are related; they are all vertebrates Chemical Structures The more similarities found in the DNA, the more closely related the individuals are. Concept: Speciation How are genetic variations in a population and changes in environmental conditions associated with adaptation and the emergence of new species? (CLE 3210.5.3, SPI 3210.5.3) What is natural selection, and how does it aid in the development of new species? (3210.5.2) How is the amount of biodiversity related to the ability of a population to adapt to a changing environment? (SPI 3210.5.4) Species Population of organisms that have the same basic structure can interbreed to produce fertile offspring Speciation – result of natural selection Natural Selection process by which the organism best suited to their environment survive and reproduce Four principles of Natural Selection 1. Variation exists within populations. 2. Organisms compete for limited natural resources. 3. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 4. Individuals with traits suitable for their habitat survive and reproduce. Types of Natural Selection Isolating Mechanisms Behavioral Isolation Differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive behaviors Geographic Isolation Two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as river, mountains, or other bodies of water Temporal Isolation Two or more species reproduce at different times. Coevolution When two species each evolve in response to changes in the other. Adaptive Radiation Process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms Convergent Evolution Unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Extinction When all members of a population die. Concept: Biodiversity and Population Survival What is the relationship between the amount of biodiversity and the ability of a population to adapt to a changing environment? (SPI 3210.5.4, CLE 3210.5.5) Biodiversity Refers to the differences among living things. The more differences there are, the more options a species has to change and adapt to new situations, enabling the species to live on. Concept: Evolution and Classification What evidence supports the theory of evolution? (CLE 3210.5.4) How does evolution contribute to the amount of biodiversity? (CLE 3210.5.5) How does evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, amino acid sequences, and DNA structure support modern classifications systems? (CLE 3210.5.6, SPI 3210.5.5) How do you use modern classification systems to demonstrate the genetic relatedness of organisms? (3210.5.4, SPI 3210.5.6) How does fossil data show biological and geological changes in the environment? (3210.5.3) How do you use a dichotomous key to identify and unknown organism? (3210.5.5) Classification Taxonomy – the field of biology devoted to the classification of organisms Domain 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya Bacteria 1.Eubacteria • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Cell walls made of peptidoglycan Archaea 1.Archaebacteria • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Cell walls do NOT have peptidoglycan Eukarya 1.Protista 2.Fungi 3.Plantae 4.Animalia Eukarya • • • • All eukaryotes Protists and fungi – unicellular or multicellular Plants and animals – multicellular See table on page 148 of Coach book. Binomial Nomenclature Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name First name: genus Second name: species Felis domestica Canis familiaris Musca domestica Naja naja Homo sapien Phylogeny Study of the evolutionary history of related species Phylogenetic tree – diagram showing the emergence of a species Fossils The remains or traces of organism that lived in the past. Fossil record provides clues about how past organisms are related to each other.