Transcript Evolution Powerpoint

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Evolution HW
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Adaptations
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•
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http://www.k12.nf.ca/shag/animalshome.htm
• (View)
What is Evolution?
a.The theory of
how species
change
_______
over
time
_________
What is a theory?
A concept which has
been tested and
confirmed
Many times and
in many ways…
Each time
We get the
SAME results
Theory’s begin with
observations:
Ways to find similarities
between organisms:
Anatomy
1. ____________
Embryology
2.____________
Biochemistry
3.____________
DNA
4. ___________
Fossil Record
5. ___________
•Scientists
use many
forms of
evidence
_______
to support
this
theory.
________
• compare
____________
similarities
among organisms
to show how they
may have evolved
from a
_____________
common
ancestor.
Comparative Anatomy
• Related
organism
s share a
unity of
body plan
Comparative Anatomy
• Backbone,
rib cage, and
arrangement
of internal
organs are
similar in
fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds and mammals
• Among
vertebrates,
forelimbs have
the same set of
bones, whether
it is used for
swimming,
walking, flying,
hanging or
grabbing
Homologous
Structures
•
•Evolution of
whales from
land-dwelling
mammals,
highlighting the
transition of the
walking forelimb
to the flipper.
Whale Evolution
• Whales are
thought to
have evolved
from 4-legged
mammals
• Pelvic bones
in whales are
homologous
to hippos
Vestigial Structures
• Structures which have
become reduced in
size and are no longer
of use, or have
diminished in function
• Ex: ___________
Pinky toes
_______________
appendix
Tail bone Wisdom teeth
_______________
Comparative Embryology
• Related organisms
develop similarly
• Ex: All vertebrate
embryos develop
____________str
gill-like
uctures even
though only fish
have gills as an
adult
Comparative
Biochemistry
• Basic
_______
________
is almost
universal
• All living things use the
same basic biological
molecules for similar
functions
CHON
Ex: all living things…
DNA
Use __________
to store
genetic info and
replicate
Use
Proteins
______________
to serve as enzymes
Use
Glucose
______________
for energy (ATP)
lipids
_______________
to build cell
membranes
• Metabolic systems such as
plant
photosynthesis
_____________ and
cellular
respiration are similar
____________
among species
ATP )
Produces ( __________
Comparative DNA
•Many
organisms
have
similar
DNA
sequences
_________
Evidence Shows
Life began as simple, single-celled
organism that evolved to become
today’s complex multicellular
organisms.
a. New life forms come into
existence over time
• New species evolve from
__________
pre-existing
__________
species
Evolution
b. All species therefore
have descended from
a common
ancestor
_______________
What is the End Result?
•Diversity
among
species,
BUT a
unity
_________
between
them
• EX:
fundamental
similarities
among life
processes
respiration
• ___________
circulation
• ___________
• ___________
cells
• ___________
DNA
Ect…
Who was Charles Darwin?
• Considered the
“Father of
Evolution”
• Published
“The Origin of
Species” in
1859
Darwin’s Observations:
• He studied
the geology
(rock
formations)
and observed
that the Earth
is VERY old
Darwin’s Observations:
• some fossils
of species
found in the
rocks are
VERY
similar
_________
to those of
today
Darwin’s Observations:
• He noticed
that
today’s
species are
related to
________
extinct
species
• While on the Galapagos Islands,
he found 14 different species of
finches, all descended from a
Common ___________
ancestor
___________
Darwin’s Finches
• All 14 species of “Darwin’s
finches” have beaks
adapted
__________to
specific tasks
related to a specific environment
and ecological
niche
___________
Natural selection is the
evolutionary process by
which favorable
traits
__________
that are heritable
become more common in
successive generations
and unfavorable
traits
that are
heritable become
less common.
• It was once
thought that
species could
evolve based
on their needs.
we know that this
does not happen
In order for Natural Selection
to work, organisms must:
1.Reproduce
sexually
__________________
1. Sexual Reproduction
•Creates some
mutations
which result in
variations
__________
among
individuals
•The genes that give
the organisms an
advantage
___________have
an adaptive value
and are passed on
to future
generations
In order for Natural Selection
to work, organisms must:
Overproduce
2. ____________
“Of course,
long
before you
mature,
most
of you
Will be
eaten”
• Fish, insects,
amphibians and some
reptiles usually
overproduce
• This is because many of
the offspring are often
killed before they reach
maturity
In order for Natural Selection
to work, organisms must:
3. Have
variations
__________
3. Variation
• Individual members
of a population
within a species have
heritable differences
• These individual
differences or traits
are passed on to new
generations
• Darwin hypothesized
that these variations
are
random
______________
Wilt Chamberlain (7’1, 275 lbs.) and
Willie Shoemaker (4’11, 99 lbs)
Sources of Genetic Variation
• Today we
know that
there are
2 sources
for
genetic
variation
Sources of Genetic Variation
a. Mutations –
random changes
in the DNA base
sequences
–They can only be
passed on to
future
generations if
they occur in the
gametes
____________
Sources of Genetic Variation
b) Meiosis and
Sexual
Reproduction
– Both processes
allow for genetic
shuffling called
Crossing
_______________
over
Why are variations good?
•Variations
lead to
___________
biodiversity
Why are variations good?
• The more variations
in organisms, the
more likely that
some organisms
will _________
survive
_____
to create new future
generations
In order for Natural Selection
to work, organisms must:
4. Struggle to
survive
_____________
“Survival of the Fittest”
• Offspring compete for
resources
________
(food and shelter) and
survival
“Survival of the Fittest”
• Only those
individuals who, are
best able to survive
will pass on their
advantageous
___________traits
to their offspring
FYI
Peppered Moths
• The 19th Century
pollution caused by
the Industrial
Revolution
blackened tree
trunks and killed off
the lichens that
grew on the bark
Peppered Moths
• A mutant moth
(black) was
better
camouflaged
and spread
through the
population
Can you read the
words below?
Can you see me?
Now can you read the
words below?
Can you see me?
Human Evolution
•The current belief is that between 8 and
14 million years ago the common ancestor
to the ape and human evolved.
These early "Humans" are
called HOMINIDS. The
Australopithecus were one
the earliest hominids to be
bipedal. (Walk on 2 feet)
Again the fossil record is the
evidence for human
evolution.
The recent discovery of 6
million year old
Australopithicus in Africa is
the oldest to date.
3 year old Australopithicus Girl
One of the most important advancements was
the increase in the size of the human brain.
Although this is not the only factor in our
advancement as a species it was crucial. Brain
size is not alone the most important factor.
If this were the only
factor the
blue whale would be the
most advanced
technological species on
Earth.
It has been proven
that Neanderthal
and Cro Magnon
both had similar
sized brains.
Yet Cro Magnon is
considered more
advanced or modern
due to it's much more
sophisticated use of
tools
(technology)
The oldest form of Homo
sapien was found to be
about 100,000 years old.
It was also found in
Africa.
How fast do species evolve?
• In organisms that
reproduce few
offspring and have
long life cycles,
evolution takes
place very slowly.
• Ex: Humans
How fast do species evolve?
• Evolution is much
faster in organisms
with short life cycles
many
that produce ______
offspring
Resistance in
• Ex: ____________
bacteria and
________________
_______________
insects
Bacteria Resistance
• When
antibiotics are
taken, the
antibiotic
resistant
bacteria are not
killed.
Bacteria Resistance
• They then can
reproduce
creating a
population
dominated by
antibiotic
resistant bacteria
Insecticide Resistance
Extinction
• Ex:
dinosaurs,
wooly mammoths
saber-tooth tiger,
Neanderthals
Factors contributing to
Dinosaur Extinction:
Dinosaurs went
extinct ~ 65 million
years ago
Wooly Mammoth – went extinct ~ 12,000 yrs. ago (the
same time humans started hunting with spearheads)
Saber-tooth
Tiger – went
extinct ~
10,000 yrs.
ago
Neanderthals
Went extinct about
30,000 years ago
99% of all the organisms that
have lived on planet Earth
are now
EXTINCT!!
Once an organism becomes
extinct it will
never
____________
re-evolve
• What factors contributed
to the Extinction of many
species?
Meteor impacts
Human Evolution
•The current belief is that between 8 and
14 million years ago the common ancestor
to the ape and human evolved.
These early "Humans" are
called HOMINIDS. The
Australopithecus were one
the earliest hominids to be
bipedal. (Walk on 2 feet)
Again the fossil record is the
evidence for human
evolution.
The recent discovery of 6
million year old
Australopithicus in Africa is
the oldest to date.
3 year old Australopithicus Girl
One of the most important advancements was
the increase in the size of the human brain.
Although this is not the only factor in our
advancement as a species it was crucial. Brain
size is not alone the most important factor.
If this were the only
factor the
blue whale would be the
most advanced
technological species on
Earth.
It has been proven
that Neanderthal
and Cro Magnon
both had similar
sized brains.
Yet Cro Magnon is
considered more
advanced or modern
due to it's much more
sophisticated use of
tools
(technology)
The oldest form of Homo
sapien was found to be
about 100,000 years old.
It was also found in
Africa.
The layers of rock
Are like the pages
of a book
Organisms that lived when
these rocks were formed are
buried within the rocks
Oldest fossils
found in
The bottom
layers
Ready to crack open some rocks