Transcript 440lect1 - Furman University

BIO440: Population Genetics and Evolution
I. What is Evolution?
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
"descent with modification"
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
1. Darwin - "descent with modification"
2. Ridley - "change in a lineage of populations between
generations"
3. Futuyma - "a change in the properties of populations
of organisms, or groups of such populations, over
generations"
4. Freeman and Herron - “changes in allele
frequencies over time"
5.
Zimmer and Emlen - “any chance in the inherited
traits of a population that occurs from one
generation to the next.”
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
B. Key Elements
1. Populations evolve – individuals develop.
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
B. Key Elements
1. Populations evolve – individuals develop.
2. - Evolution is observable:
heritable change in a population over generations. We
might term this "Lineage Evolution".
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
B. Key Elements
1. Populations evolve – individuals develop.
2. - Evolution is observable:
3. - with known, observable causes:
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
B. Key Elements
4. - and known, observable results:
As the genetic structure of a population changes over
generations, it can become different (diverge) from
other populations.
We term this "Radiational Evolution".
I. What is Evolution?
A. Definitions
B. Key Elements
4. - and known, observable results:
5. “Radiational Evolution” creates nested, hierarchical,
patterns of relatedness…. within and between biological
entities: phylogenies
Genetic Relationships Among Some Human Populations
Phylogeny among some Artiodactyls
NESTED, HIERARCHICAL, PHYLOGENY
SUPERFAMILY:
FAMILY:
Hominidae
SUBFAMILY:
TRIBE:
SPECIES
GENUS:
15 Gibbon sp.
Modern Diversity, Biogeography, and
Ecological Relationships
Anatomy, Physiology, Behavior
Genetics and Evolution
“Nothing in biology makes
sense except in the light of
evolution”
– Theodosius Dobzhansky
History of Life
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
(Mayr, E. 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought)
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
Pantheon of meddlesome gods that controlled
every aspect of nature and human experience; even
took humans for mating (produced the heroes).
Prometheus fashions humans out of earth and water,
and Athena gives humankind a soul
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
“I swear by Apollo
Physician and Asclepius
and Hygieia and Panaceia
and all the gods and
goddesses, making them
my witnesses, that I will
fulfill according to my
ability and judgment this
oath and this covenant…”
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
- Valued an empirical
approach… “look and
see”
- Believed in use and
disuse and inheritance
of acquired traits
- Close to an
evolutionary approach
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
2. Plato (427-347 bc)
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
2. Plato (427-347 bc)
- pure philosopher
- UNIVERSAL PHILOSOPHY (four dogmas)
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
2. Plato (427-347 bc)
- pure philosopher
- UNIVERSAL PHILOSOPHY (four dogmas)
Essentialism (unchanging eidos)
Plenitude (harmony)
Demi-Urge (creative force)
Soul (spark of life; most in humans)
The cave
-
trained in Pythagorean School; pure philosopher
UNIVERSAL PHILOSOPHY (four dogmas)
Essentialism (unchanging eidos)
Plenitude (harmony)
Demi-Urge (creative force)
Soul (spark of life; most in humans)
Mayr states: "It took more than 2000 years for biology, under
the influence of Darwin, to escape the paralyzing grip of
essentialism...the rise of modern biology is, in part, the
emancipation from Platonic thinking".
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
2. Plato (427-347 bc)
3. Aristotle (384-322 bc)
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
2. Plato (427-347 bc)
3. Aristotle (384-322 bc)
- Interested in nature
- Described 100’s of species
- Scala Naturae
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
1. Hippocrates (450-377 bc)
2. Plato (427-347 bc)
3. Aristotle (384-322 bc)
- Interested in nature
- Described 100’s of species
- Scala Naturae
- Formalized logic, and
accepted empirical observations
as premises in arguments. But
conclusions were drawn from the
internal consistency of the argument; they were not
tested by observation.
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
1. Constantine the Great
(reign 306-337 ad - First Holy Roman Emporor)
- conversion to Christianity signaled change from to
monotheism in west (middle east monotheistic for
millenia).
- Platonic Dogma’s meshed with Bible:
Single, perfect, harmonious, unchanging
creation
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
1. Constantine the Great
2. Middle Ages
- Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453)
- Catholic Church as the Political Power
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
1. Constantine the Great
2. Middle Ages
- Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453)
- Catholic Church as Political Power
- The Persians (900-1000ce)
- Ibn a-lHaytham (Alhazen)
- al-Biruni
- Ibn Sena (Avicenna)
Aristotelian logic
and Empiricism!!
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
1. Constantine the Great
2. Middle Ages
- Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453)
- Catholic Church as Political Power
...yes…
- Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274):
- must be an unmoved mover
- must be an initial causality
- must be an initial being
- must be an ultimate good
- the ‘design/purpose’ of nature
implies a designer
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
1. Constantine the Great
2. Middle Ages
- Fall of Rome (476) to Fall of Constantinople (1453)
- Catholic Church as Political Power
- Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274):
- must be an unmoved mover
- must be an initial causality
- must be an initial being
- must be an ultimate good
- the ‘design/purpose’ of nature
implies a designer
- translating the Persians
(with Grosseteste and Bacon)
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)
1. Voyages of Discovery
- 1488 - Dias - Rounds Cape of Good Hope
- 1492 - Columbus - "New World"
2. Scientific Revolution
a. Astronomy and Physics
1. Nikoli Copernik (1473-1543)
2. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
3. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
4. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Heliocentric solar system
- confirmed by Galileo’s observations
Planets orbit in imperfect ellipses
The motion of planets and other
material objects could be explained
and predicted based on constant
laws of nature
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)
1. Voyages of Discovery
2. Scientific Revolution
a. Astronomy and Physics
b. The Age of the Earth
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)
1. Voyages of Discovery
2. Scientific Revolution
a. Astronomy and Physics
b. The Age of the Earth
1. James Ussher (1581-1656):
Bishop who Applied logical rigor to
the History of the Earth as revealed in
the Bible... counted the 'begats'...
- creation began at 9am on October 23, 4004 b.c.
2. Scientific Revolution
a. Astronomy and Physics
b. The Age of the Earth
1. James Ussher (1581-1656)
2. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686)
- introduced concept of stratigraphy and superposition
- sedimentary rocks are layered in order deposited
- erosion is continuous and is the primary agent of
geology on earth.
2. Scientific Revolution
3. Conclusions of the Revolution
- Mechanics of Physical Universe were de-deified
- Constant, physical laws governed nature.
- God as creator (first cause) of universe and laws by
which it operates; requires less intervention.
The Ancient of
Days –
William Blake
2. Scientific Revolution
3. Conclusions of the Revolution
4. Counter-intuitive Effects on Biology
a. constant laws implied stasis since creation
b. conflict:
- Deists = secondary laws enough
- Natural theologians = diversity and perfection of
life requires a God attending to every detail.
"there is special providence in the fall
of a sparrow..."
- Shakespeare (1564-1616) - Hamlet
5. Resolution and Problems
- Life was divine and not explicable by natural law
- Natural Theology re-emerged
- An impressive cataloguing of nature… Botanist John
Ray's book (1691) "The Wisdom of God Manifest in
the Works of Creation"
- How did all these species fit on the ark? Why aren’t
they mentioned in the Bible? How did they get to the
new world as flood water receded?
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
1. Cultural Climate
- American, French Revolutions over Monarchy/Authority
- reason as a way to solve humanity’s problems
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
1. Cultural Climate
2. Natural Theology
a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus"
- the great cataloger
- latin binomen system
- group species based on reproductive structures
-created higher taxa order, class, phylum (nested)
- Systema Naturae: Creationis telluris est gloria Dei ex
opere Naturae per Hominem solum -- "The Earth's
creation is the glory of God, as seen from the works of
Nature by Man alone." 1758
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
1. Cultural Climate
2. Natural Theology
a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus"
b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
-
the foremost "biologist" of
the 18th century
-
1749 Histoire Naturelle
-
emphasized life-history of
organisms not their
classification Was aware
of evolution as a
possibility, but…
"Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the
animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family... If it were admitted
that the ass is of the family of the horse, and different from the horse only because
it has varied from the original form, one could equally well say that the ape is of
the family of man, that he is a degenerate man, that man and ape have a common
origin; that, in fact, all the families, among plants as well as animals, have come
from a single stock, and that all the animals are descended from a single animal,
from which have sprung in the course of time, as a result of progress or of
degeneration, all the other races of animals. For if it were once shown that we are
justified in establishing these families; if it were granted that among animals and
plants there has been (I do say several species) but even a single one, which has
been produced in the course of direct decent from another species; if, for example,
it were true that the ass is but a degeneration from the horse - then there would no
longer be any limit to the power of nature, and we should not be wrong in
supposing that, with sufficient time, she has been able from a single being to derive
all the other organized beings. But this is by no means a proper representation of
nature. We are assured by the authority of revelation that all animals have
participated equally in the grace of direct Creation and that the first pair of every
species issued forth fully formed from the hands of the Creator."
Georges Buffon - Histoire Naturelle (1766)
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
1. Cultural Climate
2. Natural Theology
a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus"
b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (17071788)
"it makes no difference which of the authors of the
second half of the 18th century one reads - their
discussions are, in the last analysis, merely
commentaries on Buffon’s work. Except for Darwin and
Aristotle, there has been no other student of organisms
who has had as far-reaching an influence." Ernst Mayr
- Growth of Biological Thought (1982)
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
1. Cultural Climate
2. Natural Theology
a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus"
b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
c. William Paley (1743-1805)
Theologian who restated
Aquinas’s “proof of God”,
largely using the ‘argument of
design’ and the ‘watchmaker’
analogy in his book, Natural
Theology (1802).
2. Natural Theology
a. Carl Linne (1707-1778) - "Linnaeus"
b. Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
c. William Paley (1743-1805)
d. James Hutton (1726-1797)
- Wrote "Theory of the Earth" in 1795; marks the
discovery of "deep time" in English science.
d. James Hutton (1726-1797)
- Wrote "Theory of the Earth" in 1795; marks the
discovery of "deep time" in English science.
- Based on two observations:
- 1. granite is an
igneous rock, it infuses
itself into other rocks
(shists) and can only do
that when molten.
d. James Hutton (1726-1797)
- Wrote "Theory of the Earth" in 1795; marks the
discovery of "deep time" in English science.
- Based on two observations:
2. the proper interpretation
of “unconformities” boundaries between cycles
of uplift and erosion
Siccar Point unconformity, observed by Hutton
Process:
1. Initial depositional cycle
Process:
2. uplift (time)
Process:
3. erosion (time)
Process:
4. second depositional cycle (time)
d. James Hutton (1726-1797)
- the crust is recycled - the earth has "no vestige of a
beginning - no prospect of an end"
d. James Hutton (1726-1797)
- the crust is recycled - the earth has "no vestige of a
beginning - no prospect of an end"
Hadrian’s Wall – 122 a.d.
UNIFORMITARIANISM
White Cliffs of Dover
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
1. Cultural Climate
2. Natural Theology
3. Conclusions of the Period
All were creationists, their discoveries had to be
reconciled with their Biblical worldview. But there were
conflicts and inconsistencies:
- fossils and extinct species vs. plenitude and universal
harmony/perfection
- age of earth - 4004 bc? - uh, not likely...
- The earth has changed...
- How can life remain “harmonious” if earth changes?
...could life change, too?
II. The History of Evolutionary Thought
A. Early Greeks
B. 2nd Greek School
C. The Impact of Christianity
D. The Renaissance (1400-1700)
E. The Enlightenment (1700’s)
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
a. Early Career
- wrote a four-volume flora of France
- Buffon selected him to be his son's tutor
- 1788 - Buffon got him a position in the Botany Dept. of
the Natural History Museum - believed in the fixity of
species.
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
b. 1793 - Appointed Professor of Invertebrates
- found living molluscs that were similar to fossil forms
- could array some species in nearly continuous lineages
from the Tertiary (65 mya) to present
- concluded that species change over time.
c. 1809 - Philosophie
Zoologique (culminating
work)
- animals: series of perfection
towards man (Scala naturae)
- change through time
(lineage evolution)
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
d. Mechanisms of Change:
“use and disuse”
“inheritance of acquired characteristics”
innate potential, given by Creator, to become
progressively more complex.
- Interactions with the environment
causes a NEED
|
Organism uses some organs more
|
Organism changes during its lifetime
|
passes modification to offspring
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
e. Solves the Extinction Problem
- Previous solutions were:
- all extinct species were killed by Noah's flood
- might live elsewhere (and NOT be extinct)
- it is the work of humans, not God.
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
e. Solves the Extinction Problem
change without extinction, or loss of harmony
E
A
B
F
C
G
D
H
"May it not be possible that the fossils in question belong
to species still existing, but which have changed since
that time and have been converted into that similar
species that we now actually find?" - Lamarck (1809)
E
A
B
F
C
G
D
H
f. Summary of Lamarck’s contributions:
- First to commit to evolution as historical fact
- First to propose a testable mechanism of change
- Uniformitarian approach
- Support for ancient Earth
- Courage to include humans
"Lamarck was the first man whose
conclusions on the subject excited much
attention. This justly celebrated naturalist
first published his views in 1801. . . he
first did the eminent service of arousing
attention to the probability of all changes
in the organic, as well as in the inorganic
world, being the result of law, and not of
miraculous interposition." - 1861
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
-
was vertebrate zoologist at Museum
of Natural History with Lamarck.
-
Invited Georges Cuvier to join him in
1794.
-
There were 'unities of type' among
organisms - homologous structures
-
form constrains function, but form is
malleable
- the form responds to environment
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
"The external world is all-powerful in
alteration of the form of organized
bodies.. . these [modifications] are
inherited, and they influence all the rest
of the organization of the animal,
because if these modifications lead to
injurious effects, the animals which
exhibit them perish and are replaced by
others of a somewhat different form, a
form changed so as to be adapted to the
new environment."
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
What can be more curious than that the
hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of
a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the
paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the
bat, should all be constructed on the same
pattern, and should include the same
bones, in the same relative positions?
Geoffroy St. Hilaire has insisted strongly on
the high importance of relative connexion in
homologous organs: the parts may change
to almost any extent in form and size, and
yet they always remain connected together
in the same order.
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
a. Arguments against
Lamarckian evolution:
- organisms are functional
'wholes’; change in an organ
would stop its function
- and use and disuse were
not heritable
- extinction is real
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
b. Accomplishments in Biology:
- Founded comparative anatomy as a discipline
- Founded vertebrate paleontology as a discipline
- split the Scala into four embranchments
Vertebrata
Articulata (Arthropoda and Annelida)
"Mollusca" (Molluscs and other bilateral inverts)
Radiata (Cnidaria and Echinodermata)
F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)
1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829)
2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
4. Conclusions of the Period
Cuvier’s arguments won the day, but evolution was part
of the cultural discussion