Transcript Standard 5 review

Review for standard 5
Evolution and Classification
Objective 1
Evolution and Biodiversity
a. Describe the effects of
environmental factors on natural
selection.
What do you remember about
Darwin?
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Natural selection
Galapagos islands – 1800s - finches
Isolation – Geographic and Reproductive
Adaptive - Radiation
Did Darwin create the evolution
theory by himself? Explain.
• No. He used ideas of others
• Bonus -Like who?
• Wallace.
Natural slection
• Natural selection is based on factors in the
environment
• Selecting for desirable traits
• Survival and reproductive success.
Selective breeding
Humans selecting for
desirable traits
• Also called
• Artificial selection
• Breeder/farmer chooses only the best animals or
crops
• Examples
• Corn Hybrid
• Race horses
• Shetland pony
• Siamese cat
b. Genetic variability to species
potential for adaptation
• Sexual reproduction ->Meiosis ->more
variation -> increase chance of adapting and
surviving in a changing environment
• Populations evolve – NOT individuals
c. Relate reproductive isolation
to speciation
Geographic/Reproductive
isolation
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Example is frogs separated by a mountain
Or Darwin’s finches on different islands
What can this lead to?
Speciation.
What is speciation?
No longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring
What happens during geographic
or reproductive isolation?
• Divergent or convergent evolution?
• Divergent evolution
Reproductive isolation that lead
to speciation
• Geographic barriers
• And
• Temporal barriers (reproduce at different
times of the year)
Objective 2: Cite evidence for
changed in populations over time
and use concepts of evolution to
explain these changes
a. Evidence that supporta
biological evolution over time
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This idea of Evolution by natural selection
was originally not accepted but is now
accepted because there is a lots of evidence
that supports his theory
What type of evidence supports the theory of
evolution?
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Fossils
Anatomy
Embryology
DNA
Vestigial
structures
• Structural Adaptations
• Physiological Adaptations.
1. fossils
• Best evidence for evolution
• Many different types
• Bones are a type of fossil
How do you determine the age of
a fossil?
• Relative dating – relative age based on
layers.
• Radiometric dating – exact age
2 and 3. DNA - Biochemistry
• Evidence that present species developed
from earlier forms.
• For example - AUG codes for methionine in
all living things
• Why would I not care about one single
mutation in a population.
• Survival is not threatened by this as there
are ways usually ways to adapt
#4 Comparative anatomy
#4a.. Vestigial structures
Vestigial structures
Wings of flightless birds
• No predators – no
need to fly
Humans
• Appendix
• Tail bone
#4b. - Homologous Structures
(common ancestor? Or not?)
• Similar in arrangement, function or both. –
COMMON ANCESTOR
• Divergent evolution
- #4 c.Analogous Structures
(common ancestor? Or not?)
• Body parts are
similar in
function but –
• DO NOT
HAVE
COMMON
ANCESTOR
• Convergent
evolution
#4 d. Embryology. The presence of
what two things in early vertebrates
shows that they have a common
ancestor?
What the crap is this?
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Indicator species – not on core but kind of cool
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• "indicator animals"
meaning that their health
and well being is directly
connected to the health of
their environment.
This is definitely messed up
5. What is a physiological
adaptation?
• Bacteria – resistant to antibiotics
• Insects – resistance to insectiside
(We can see evolution happening in right
before our eyes
What is relative dating?
• Fossils in deeper rock layers are older than
those found closer to the surface.
• This idea makes the assumpion that
• in the past, layers of sediment were
deposited on top of each other the same as it
is today.
If I find fossils of coral in one of
these layers then I assume what?
• The area was once covered by an ocean
• Further evidence could include
• something like fossilized shark teeth.
Objective 3
Classify organisms into a
hierarchy of groups based on
similarities that reflect their
evolutionary reltionships
a. Classify organisms using a
classification tool such as a key
or field guid
• Dichotomous key
Dichotymous Key – what is this?
1. Round . . . . . . . . . . ..go to 2
Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . .go to 3
2. Two legs . . . . . . . . . go to 4
Four legs . . . . . . . . . go to 5
3. Skin is purple . . . . .. Whatever
Skin is Green . . . . . . . . .I don’t crap
4. Two Antanae . . . . . .I don’t care
Four Antanae . . . . . . . .Dork
5. Curly Hair . . . . . . . . . . .I don’t know
No Hair . . . . . . . . . . Baldy
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Key to Common Evergreens
1a. Leaves linear, needle-like or scale like..……….2
1b. Leaves broad, not needle-like nor scale-like….5
2a. Leaves needle-like………………………………..3
2b. Leaves scale-like………………………………….Red
Cedar
3a. Leaves in groups of 2 or 3………………………..4
3b. Leaves in groups of
5……………………………..Eastern White Pine
4a. Leaves in groups of
2……………………………..Virginia Pine
4b. Leaves in groups of
3……………………………..Loblolly Pine
5a. Leaf margin
smooth……………………………….Magnolia
5b. Leaf margin
spiny…………………………………..American Holly
Dichotomous Tree Finder
A. Does the tree have NEEDLES…Go To D
An abbreviated example
A. Does the tree have LEAVES…Go To B
B. Are the leaves SIMPLE…Go To C
B. Are the leaves COMPOUND…Go To C
C. Is the branching OPPOSITE…Go To E
C. Is the branching ALLTERNATE…Go To F
D. Are the needles scale like - conifer
D. Needles sharp and pointe - pine
E. Are the leaf veins palmate - maple
E. Are the leaf veins pinnate - ash
F. Are the leaf edges serated (toothed) - Service
berry
F. Are the leaf edges lobed – oak
Amelanchier canadensis
b. Generalize criteria used for
classification
• Dichotomy
• Structure
• Broad to specific
Name the taxas
start with Kingdom
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
•Which is most DISsimilar (broadest group)
from each other ?
•Toward Top - Kingdom
Which ones are the most
SIMILAR (most specific)
Towards bottom (Species)
What is binomial nomenclature
Two-word scientific naming system created by
Linnaeus (scientific name)
• First word is?
• genus,
• second word is?
• Species - a descriptor
• Homo sapien – Homo = Genus – sapien - species
Whittiker – 5 kingdoms
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Can you name them?
Plant
Animal
Fungi
Protist
Monera (bacteria)
6 kingdom
• Same but monera (bacteria) is divided into
two groups
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria – survive in harsh
environments
Changes, changes, changes
• Why do we keep changing things?
• Science always revises its ideas as new
evidence is discovered