Transcript EOC Review
EOC REVIEW Evolution, Classification, and Body Systems QUESTIONS 1 – 3: EVOLUTION STANDARD: Describe the experiments of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur to support or falsify the hypothesis of spontaneous generation Redi – Demonstrated maggots came from flies, not rotten meat Needham – Experimented with hypothesis that broth bred bacteria. Sample was contaminated by air giving a false positive. Spallanzani – Kept flasked sealed when sterilizing. No bacteria appeared. Was criticized because no air flow was present Pasteur – Created a swan neck flask to give broth access to air, but not contaminants from the air. Showed that spontaneous generation did not happen QUESTION 4: EVOLUTION STANDARD: Explain the biological definition of evolution Evolution – The change in a species over time due to adaptation. Evolution occurs in populations of organisms, not individuals. QUESTIONS 5 – 7: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Differentiate among chemical evolution, organic evolution, and the evolutionary steps along the way to aerobic heterotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs Endosymbiosis – the theory that early evolution in cells occurred in part because of beneficial bacteria species that eventually became incorporated into mitochondria and chloroplasts. This was proposed by Lynn Marguilis Chemical Evolution – the theory of the process by which life arose from inorganic matter Organic Evolution – the theory that all living things have descended with modification from previous simpler forms or single cells Heterotroph Hypothesis – the hypothesis that heterotrophs arose first and that autotrophs evolved in response to the abundance of carbon dioxide and lack of oxygen. QUESTION 8: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Discuss Darwin’s principle of survival of the fittest and explain what Darwin meant by natural selection Survival of the Fittest – the organisms with traits best adapted to the environmental conditions will survive and reproduce more often than those less “fit” Natural Selection – Organisms better adapted for their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring than others. Over time, this makes the traits that are giving them the advantage more common in the population QUESTION 9: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Explain the influences of other scientists (e.g., Malthus, Wallace, Lamarck, Lyell) and of Darwin’s trip on HMS Beagle in formulating Darwin’s ideas about natural selection Malthus – Said that population was controlled by limiting factors Wallace – contemporary of Darwin; said attributes would only be passed on if they were beneficial Lamarck – said that acquired characteristics were passed from parents to offspring Lyell – supported uniformitarianism and constant gradual change, not huge catastrophes QUESTION 10: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Provide examples of behaviors that have evolved through natural selection (e.g., migration, courtship rituals) QUESTIONS 11 AND 12: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Specifically describe the conditions required to be considered a species (e.g., reproductive isolation, geographic isolation) Species – organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Geographic isolation – a physical barrier that prevents populations from mating (stops gene flow) Behavioral isolation – changes in behavior that prevent mating Temporal isolation – changes in mating period or time of day active that prevent mating Reproductive isolation – when two populations can no longer mate successfully QUESTIONS 13 AND 14: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Describe the basic types of selection, including disruptive, stabilizing, and directional Disruptive selection – moves toward both phenotype extremes Stabilizing selection – moves toward the intermediate phenotype Directional selection – moves toward one extreme phenotype QUESTION 15: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Explain how natural selection and its evolutionary consequences (e.g., adaptation or extinction) provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life-forms and the striking molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms As you look through layers of rock, the fossils show adaptations as the environment changes. Over time, new species enter the fossil record and species disappear from the fossil record (extinction) As populations spread out, they became isolated and variations arose due to adaptation under different conditions in these areas QUESTIONS 16 AND 17: EVOLUTION STANDARD - Explain how Earth’s life-forms have evolved from earlier species as a consequence of interactions of (a) the potential of a species to increase its numbers and (b) genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombinations of DNA The faster the increase of numbers of a population, the more potential for mutation and recombinations of DNA Genetic variability is good as it gives the species more room to adapt if the environmental conditions change Too small a gene pool leads to a loss of genetic variability QUESTIONS 17 AND 18: EVOLUTION STANARD - Distinguish between catastrophism, gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium Catastrophism - the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events Gradualism - the hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual changes Punctuated equilibrium - the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change Questions 1 – 3: Body Systems STANDARD - Identify major types of animal cells and tissues Note: The best place to go to study body systems is quizlet.com. Search “Body Systems Study Guide 2015. There are three parts Types of tissue: epithelial (skin), muscle, skeletal (bone), nerve, adipose (fatty), connective (layer between tissues) Questions 4 - 8 STANDARD - Describe the major components and functions of physiological systems, including skeletal, muscle, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, nervous, reproductive, and immune Questions 1 – 3: Classification STANDARD - Explain how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities that reflect their evolutionary relationships Example: Reptiles and birds share many characteristics (claws, similar circulatory and respiratory systems) but have unique characteristics too (feathers in birds, scales in reptiles) Example: Monkeys and deer are both mammals because they have fur, are warm blooded, and produce milk for their offspring Questions 4 and 5 STANDARD - List each of the major levels in the hierarchy of taxa: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species Kingdom is the biggest, species the smallest Questions 6 - 7 STANDARD - Explain the binomial nomenclature system Binomial nomenclature – Two names To write it Genus first (Capitalized) and species second (lowercase) Example: When Panthera tigris typing the scientific name, italicize it. If written, underline it. Also need to know. . . STANDARD - Use a dichotomous key Always start at #1 Read both choices for #1 and pick the one that fits with your specimen Go to the step it tells Repeat steps until you get to the name Backtrack if necessary Questions 8 - 10 STANDARD - Distinguish between and among viruses, bacteria, and protists, and give examples of each Protist Kingdom: organisms that have single, complex cells. Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Example – Paramecium or Euglena Moneran Kingdom: organisms that have single, simple cells. No nucleus or organelles. Example – Bacteria Viruses: Consist of protein coat and genetic material. Do not reproduce on their own and not considered living things. Example – HIV or influenza Question 11 STANDARD - Explain classification criteria for fungi, plants, and animals Animal Kingdom: organisms that usually move around and find their own food. Plant Kingdom: organisms that make their own food and do not actively move around. Fungi Kingdom: organisms that absorb food from living and non-living things. Question 12 STANDARD - Compare the major divisions of animals