Transcript Evolution Powerpoint - Dakota Hills Middle School

Adaptation &
Evolution Notes
I. Background Vocabulary – 2/9/2012
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed
overtime.
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed
overtime.
 Species: a group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves
to produce fertile offspring.
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed
overtime.
 Species: a group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves
to produce fertile offspring.
 Competition: when organisms compete against each
other for available resources.
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed
overtime.
 Species: a group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves
to produce fertile offspring.
 Competition: when organisms compete against each
other for available resources.
 Evolution: a change in inherited characteristics overtime
leading to the formation of a new species.
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed
overtime.
 Species: a group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves
to produce fertile offspring.
 Competition: when organisms compete against each
other for available resources.
 Evolution: a change in inherited characteristics overtime
leading to the formation of a new species.
 Mutation: a mistake in DNA copying—can be helpful,
harmful or have no effect.
I. Background Vocabulary
 Fossil: the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric
organism.
o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed
overtime.
 Species: a group of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves
to produce fertile offspring.
 Competition: when organisms compete against each
other for available resources.
 Evolution: a change in inherited characteristics overtime
leading to the formation of a new species.
 Mutation: a mistake in DNA copying—can be helpful,
harmful or have no effect.
II. Early Ideas
II. Early Ideas
a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or
unchanging.
II. Early Ideas
a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or
unchanging.
b. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck:
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
II. Early Ideas
a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or
unchanging.
b. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck:
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
o Characteristics or traits developed over a parent’s
lifetime are inherited by its offspring.
II. Early Ideas
a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or
unchanging.
b. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck:
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
o Characteristics or traits developed over a parent’s
lifetime are inherited by its offspring.
o Example against Lamarck’s theory: large muscles built
by exercise are NOT passed to offspring.
=
X
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – naturalist from England.
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – naturalist from England.
o 1831 – Traveled on the ship the HMS Beagle – went
around the world as a naturalist.
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – naturalist from England.
o 1831 – Traveled on the ship the HMS Beagle – went
around the world as a naturalist.
• Observations made on this trip caused him to
wonder about where different species came from.
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
o Over his lifetime, developed his Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection and found evidence to support it.
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
o Over his lifetime, developed his Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection and found evidence to support it.
o Organisms with traits best suited to their
environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce.
II. Early Ideas
c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
o Over his lifetime, developed his Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection and found evidence to support it.
o Organisms with traits best suited to their
environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce.
Example: Darwin’s finches—finches with large beaks
that are able to crack seeds are better suited
to survive and reproduce on an island with a
lot of seeds.
Did the 13
Galapagos
species
evolve from
South
American
species?
• Finches with beak shapes that allowed them to eat
available food survived longer and produced more
offspring than finches without those beak shapes.
III. Natural Selection
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
3. Variations are passed on to offspring.
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
3. Variations are passed on to offspring.
o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual
different from members of its species.
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
3. Variations are passed on to offspring.
o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual
different from members of its species.
4. Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful
variations survive and reproduce better.
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural
Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
3. Variations are passed on to offspring.
o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual
different from members of its species.
4. Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful
variations survive and reproduce better.
o Adaptation: any variation that makes an organism
better suited to its environment.
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
3. Variations are passed on to offspring.
o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual
different from members of its species.
4. Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful
variations survive and reproduce better.
o Adaptation: any variation that makes an organism
better suited to its environment.
5. Over time, the offspring of individuals with helpful
variations make up more of a population
III. Natural Selection
What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection?
1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
2. Variations occur among individuals of a species.
3. Variations are passed on to offspring.
o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual
different from members of its species.
4. Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful
variations survive and reproduce better.
o Adaptation: any variation that makes an organism
better suited to its environment.
5. Over time, the offspring of individuals with helpful
variations make up more of a population
• Eventually the organisms in the population look and behave
differently enough to be recognizes as a new species.
IV. Artificial Selection
IV. Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding): the process of
breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits
IV. Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding): the process of
breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits
o Example: Breeding dogs for a speed, herding or
attitude.
V. Clues about Evolution
V. Clues about Evolution
oHomology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor.
V. Clues about Evolution
oHomology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor.
Homo = same
V. Clues about Evolution
oHomology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor.
Homo = same
a. Homologous Structures: Body parts that are similar in
origin and structure—can be similar in function too.
V. Clues about Evolution
oHomology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor.
Homo = same
a. Homologous Structures: Body parts that are similar in
origin and structure—can be similar in function too.
o Example: Human arm, cat leg, whale flippers and bat
wings all have the same bones.
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the
pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working
properly, humans can inject insulin from other
mammals such as cows or pigs.
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the
pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working
properly, humans can inject insulin from other
mammals such as cows or pigs.
What percent of DNA do
humans have in common with…
Bananas
%
Fruit Flies
%
Mice
%
Other humans
%
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the
pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working
properly, humans can inject insulin from other
mammals such as cows or pigs.
What percent of DNA do
humans have in common with…
Bananas
50%
Fruit Flies
%
Mice
%
Other humans
%
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the
pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working
properly, humans can inject insulin from other
mammals such as cows or pigs.
What percent of DNA do
humans have in common with…
Bananas
50%
Fruit Flies
60%
Mice
%
Other humans
%
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the
pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working
properly, humans can inject insulin from other
mammals such as cows or pigs.
What percent of DNA do
humans have in common with…
Bananas
50%
Fruit Flies
60%
Mice
85%
Other humans
%
V. Clues about Evolution
b. Cellular Homology: similar DNA can suggest a common
ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among
organisms that have common ancestors.
o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the
pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working
properly, humans can inject insulin from other
mammals such as cows or pigs.
What percent of DNA do
humans have in common with…
Bananas
50%
Fruit Flies
60%
Mice
85%
Other humans
99%
V. Clues about Evolution
c. Vestigial Organs: a structure that no longer seems to
have a function, but served an important function in
the organism’s ancestors.
V. Clues about Evolution
c. Vestigial Organs: a structure that no longer seems to
have a function, but served an important function in
the organism’s ancestors.
o Example: Manatees, whales and snakes don’t have
back legs, but still have pelvic bones.
V. Clues about Evolution
d. Comparative Embryology: similarities in the embryos or
developmental stages of organisms.
V. Clues about Evolution
d. Comparative Embryology: similarities in the embryos or
developmental stages of organisms.
o Example: Fish, reptiles, birds and mammal embryos all
have gill slits, but only fish develop gills, the rest
develop lungs.