Transcript Change over time power point

Characteristics/Adaptations for Survival
Red-eyed frog hides
among leaves during day
and comes out at night.
Strawberry poison arrow frog.
Bright coloring warns
predators that it is poisonous.
(In humans can cause burning
and swelling of skin tissues. )
If disturbed, this frog will
quickly open his red eyes,
startling potential predators.
This often gives the frog just
enough time to jump away to
safety..
.
• They are NOT poisonous.
Smokey jungle frog blends into
the forest floor…camouflage. It
can inflate itself to warn
predators away. Skin secretes
a poison.
Smokey Jungle Frog – 20 cm long
• Did you know?
• When attacked by a carnivore it produces a loud alarming cry
that sounds like a loud and penetrating meow of a cat.
• It blows its body up like a balloon and stiffens its extremities
and thus it becomes quite difficult for its enemy to eat it.
Golden Poison Dart Frog
Phyllobates terribilis
• Considered to be
one of the most
toxic animals on
Earth, the golden
poison dart frogs
have enough
venom to kill ten
grown humans.
The Story of the Peppered Moths in England
Take notes.
1. Before the Industrial
Revolution the tree trunks
were a normal light color.
2. In the late 1700’s
during the Industrial
Revolution, smoke from
factories turned tree
trunks black.
The Story of the Peppered Moths in England
3. Before the Industrial
Revolution, the light colored
moths survived and passed
the light color gene to their
offspring and they survived.
4. During Industrial Revolution,
birds ate the light colored
moths and the dark moths
survived and reproduced
passing the dark genes to their
offspring and they survived.
5. The moths that are camouflaged will not be
eaten by birds. They will survive and
reproduce…passing the genes on to their
offspring.
• 6. Explain what the environment and
genetics had to do with the Peppered
Moths of England.
• Depending on the color of the trees
before and after the Industrial
Revolution, the moths that were
camouflaged survived and
reproduced passing the genes to their
offspring so that they could also
survive in the environment.
7. Natural Selection explains the
story of the Peppered Moths of
England.
• Organisms who inherit the
genes to survive in a certain
environment will be able to
reproduce and pass those
genes on to their offspring.
• 8. What can you infer about the
Peppered Moths of England today?
Explain.
• Because there is more pollution control
today, there are more light colored
moths because they have inherited the
light color gene to camouflage on the
tree bark.
Natural Selection
• The process by which organisms that are
better adapted to their environment survive
and reproduce more successfully than those
less well adapted to the environment. Those
better adapted pass their traits on.
Saddle back
shell tortoise.
Long Neck to
reach leaves
higher up.
Natural Selection – The finches that have the
beak size and shape to survive in an
environment with large seeds will survive and
reproduce. Page 175.
• Finches of the Galapagos Islands
Four Parts of Natural Selection Page 178
Inherited Variations
Overproduction
Struggle to
Survive
Disease
Predators
Competition
Starvation
Successful Reproduction
• Change of Horses Over Time
Change of Horses Over Time
• 1. Hyracotherium
• 2. Merychippus
• 3. 100 cm at shoulders
•
Hoofed feet
•
Lived in high grass (savanna)
environment
Change of Horses Over Time
• 4. From padded to hoofed.
•
From several toes to hoof.
• 5. Got larger
• 6. The taller horses survived,
reproduced, and passed the tall gene to
their offspring.
•
Two Theories on Long Giraffe Necks
Read Theory 1 and 2.
• 1. Some giraffes
stretched their necks
to reach leaves higher
in trees. They passed
this trait to their
offspring.
Two Theories of Evolution
• 2. Some giraffes had longer
necks than others. Those
giraffes were better able to eat
the leaves higher in trees.
They survived and passed the
long neck trait to their
offspring.
Two Theories of Evolution
• 3. Theory 1 is wrong because
stretching a neck does NOT
change the GENES in an organism.
•
Theory 2 is correct because
long necks in giraffes is controlled
by GENES! So, the long neck
gene was passed from the parent
to the offspring.
Long Necks of Giraffes
• 4. Theory 2 goes along with
natural selection. The giraffes with
the adaptation, long necks, were
able to get food, SURVIVE, and
REPRODUCE and pass the long
neck GENE on to their offspring.
• Those with the shorter necks could
not survive to pass their short
neck genes to their offspring.
• http://peppermoths.weebly.com/
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/
ecuador_galapagos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcM2
3M-CCog
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/originspecies-beak-finch
Darwin’s Five Year Voyage
Galapagos
Islands
Natural Selection – Inherited Traits
pg.175
The Galápagos Islands are made up
of 13 main islands, 6 smaller
islands, and an array of about 100
rocks and islets.
Selective Breeding Pg. 176
• Selective breeding – The human
practice of breeding animals or plants
that have certain desired traits.
1. Pg. 180 – Why are there more elephants without
tusks in Uganda today?
• 1. Natural selection – Hunters hunted and
killed the elephants of Uganda that had
the valuable tusks. So the only ones that
survived were the tuskless elephants. They
reproduced and passed the tuskless gene on
to their offspring.
.
2. Pg. 181 – What is
generation time?
• 2. Generation time –
• The period of time between
one generation and the birth
of the next generation.
3. How does this relate to
insect populations?
3. Insecticide Resistance – Pg. 181
5. Speciation - The formation of a new species
See pages 182-183.
Three ways speciation can happen:
1. Separation by water or land forms.
2. Adaptations – Due to separation each
group may inherit different
traits/genes to survive in that
environment.
3. Division – Over generations the
separated groups become very
different….can’t mate anymore.
Pickerel frog
often confused with Leopard Frog.
Tree Frog
Bullfrog
6. Division Figure 4 - The leopard frog and the
pickerel frog are similar species. However, leopard
frogs do not search for mates at the same time of year
that pickerel frogs do.
Fossils – Pg. 168
• 7. What is a fossil?
• The trace remains of an
organism that lived long ago.
Found in sedimentary rock.
• 8. What is the fossil record?
• A historical sequence of life.
Age of Fossils pg. 195
• 9. Scientists can determine whether a fossil is
older or younger by its position in layers of
sedimentary rock.
• 10. Older fossils are found in the bottom layers
and younger fossils are found in the top layers.
• 11. Relative dating is estimating the age of a
fossil by its location in the layers of sedimentary
rock. We can tell which are younger and which
are older.
Age of Fossils pg. 195
• 12. Absolute dating measure
the actual age of the fossil in
years.
Page 196 Geologic Time Scale
• 13. The geologic time scale is like a calendar to
divide the Earth’s history in manageable parts.
• 14. The Cenozoic era is current day.
• 15. The Mesozoic era is the time of the dinosaurs.
• 16. The Paleozoic era is the oldest era.
• Era - a very long span of geological time
Natural Selection
• The process by which organisms that
are better adapted to their
environment survive and reproduce
more successfully than those less
well adapted to the environment.
Natural Selection
Giraffes have long
necks today because
those with longer
necks were able to
reach food high up,
survive, reproduce,
and pass the long
neck gene to their
offspring.