Transcript Chapter_01
Chapter 1 Development and Structure of Cells and Tissues Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Development and Structure of Cells and Tissues: Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, the student will be able to: Describe the cell and how it divides. Discuss the origin of tissue, the ovarian cycle, and development of the embryonic disk. Describe the various tissues of the human body and some of the adverse factors (environmental stress, hereditary, and dietary factors) that may affect these tissues development. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Development and Structure of Cells and Tissues Cell structure and function Cell division Origin of human tissue Development of human tissues Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Structure of Cells Nucleus Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Cytoplasm Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Cell Structure and Function Absorption Assimilation Respiration Irritability Conductivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Cell Nucleus Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Cell Cytoplasm Contains structures necessary for adsorption and for creation of cell products Cytosol Contains organelles and solutes Uses raw materials to produce energy Functions in waste product excretion Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm Contains newly acquired and synthesized protein Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Cell Cytoplasm Ribosomes: Particles that translate genetic codes for proteins and activate mechanisms for their production Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Cell Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): An ultrastructural organelle consisting of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm of the cell ER function: Transports substances in the cytoplasm Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex are critical for post-translational modifications that help sort, condense, package, and deliver proteins arriving from the ER. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Cell Cytoplasm Golgi apparatus is composed of cisternae or saccules, small vesicles, and large vacuoles. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Cell Cytoplasm Lysosomes are small, membrane-bound bodies that contain a variety of acid hydrolases, which function in breaking down substances both inside and outside the cell. Present in all cells except red blood cells Prominent in macrophages and leukocytes Peroxisomes are another intracellular organelle important for breaking down fatty acids. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Cell Cytoplasm Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that lie free in the cytoplasm and are present in all cells. Functions: Generate energy Major source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Store and release ionic calcium Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Cell Cytoplasm Microtubules: Small tubular structures composed of protein tubulin Functions: Structural elements Force-generating elements Relate to cilia Relate to centrioles Maintain cell shape Centrioles: Either of two short cylinders appearing near the nucleus that migrate to opposite poles of the cell during cell division Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Cell Cytoplasm Plasma membrane or plasmalemma: Cell membrane that envelops the entire cell and provides a selective barrier that regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Cell Cytoplasm Genetic mechanisms help a cell develop and maintain a high degree of order. Basic genetic processes: RNA and protein synthesis DNA repair Replication and genetic recombination Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Cell Division Cell cycle: A series of discrete steps by which the cell component divides Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Cell Division: Mitosis of Somatic Cell Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Cell Division: Meiosis Meiosis: The process of reduction of the number of chromosomes to half the normal number in the germ cells to allow fusion of the male and female germ cells Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Cell Division: Apoptosis Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. All cells have a limited lifetime. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Cell Division: Adult Stem Cells Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Origin of Human Tissue Induction: The process in which an undifferentiated cell is instructed by specific organizers to produce a morphogenic effect Differentiation: The process by which cells acquire individual cellular characteristics from an undifferentiated state—that is, specialization Growth factors: Chemical substances that induce cells to initiate specific cellular processes, including DNA synthesis Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Three Periods of Growth: Proliferative, Embryonic, and Fetal Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Ovarian Cycle, Fertilization, Implantation, and Development of the Embryonic Disk Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Formation of the Neural Tube Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 Gastrointestinal Tract Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 Development of Human Tissues: Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 Development of Human Tissues: Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 Development of Human Tissues: Nervous System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32 Development of Human Tissues: Nervous System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33 Development of Human Tissues: Cranial Nerves Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 Development of Human Tissues: Connective Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35 Development of Human Tissues: Blood Erythrocytes: Red blood cells Leukocyes: White blood cells Function: Carry oxygen from lungs by hemoglobin; also carry carbon dioxide from cells of the tissues to the lungs by both hemoglobin and plasma Function: Defend the body against bacteria and other invasive organisms and foreign substances Plasma: Blood platelets suspended in a liquid Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36 Development of Human Tissues: Blood Granulocytes Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) Eosinophils Basophils Granulocytes and agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Development of Human Tissues: Lymphatic System Lymphatic system: A protective mechanism in the immunologic defense of the body. It destroys bacteria, viruses, and invasive microorganisms. Cells are all formed in the bone marrow: B cells T cells NK cells Macrophages Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38 Development of Human Tissues: Cartilage and Bone Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39 Development of Human Tissues: Cartilage and Bone Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40 Development of Human Tissues: Cartilage and Bone Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41 Development of Human Tissues: Muscle Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42 Development of Human Tissues: Cardiovascular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43 Development of Human Tissues: Cardiovascular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44 Development of Human Tissues: Cardiovascular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 45 Development of Human Tissues: Cardiovascular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46 Developmental Abnormalities Defects may be environmental or hereditary. The 3rd through 8th weeks of embryonic development are the most critical time in development, because this is the period of differentiation. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 47 Developmental Abnormalities: Hereditary Genetic abnormalities Dominant Recessive Chromosomal abnormalities Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 48 Questions for Discussion Which dental environmental factors might have a different role during the first trimester and the last trimester? Discuss dietary considerations for the pregnant patient during the first trimester. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 49