Transcript AP BIO 100% May 2ndx

Evolution
Tim Whitehouse
Brennan Ray
Kevin Britt
AJ Walters
Chapter 22!
Main Idea 1
• Before Darwin, there were many differing
views on how evolution occurred.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The first ideas about evolution was that life might change gradually over
time (Greek philosphers)
Aristotle saw species as fitting a certain spot on a “ladder” which he
called the scala naturae,and was perfect and permenant.
Some people who were religious believed that since God made all the
species, they were perfect and didn’t change at all.
Carolus Linnaeus created a binomial system for naming species.
Main Idea 2
• Darwin got many of his ideasfrom the work of
paleontology (the study of fossils)
1.
2.
3.
Darwin looked at how older fossils had changed from newer fossils.
Catastrophism led to the ideas about mass extinction, which Darwin
never figured out, but is still important to know.
Darwin also looked at uniformitarianism, which applied loosely to his
ideas on evolution.
Main Idea 3
• Darwin’s voyage on the HMS Beagle helped
him form his ideas on evolution.
1.
2.
3.
Darwin sailed around the world while aboard the Beagle
Darwin noted that plants and animals were well suited for their
environment.
Darwin's most famous endeavor was on the Galapagos islands, where he
studied several kinds of finches, which were suited to do different things
according to their food source.
Main Idea 4
• Darwin came up with the concept of natural
selection.
1.
2.
3.
Darwin saw many adoptions in the different animals he saw.
Hypothesized that species arise from older species after having many
adoptions, and species got adoptions that better suited them to their
environment.
Wrote all his ideas on this in his book: On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection (commonly known as The Origin of Species)
Main Idea 5
• Descent with Modification
1.
2.
3.
Darwin never used the term Evolution, even though it was the last word
in his book, to describe his “Descent with Modification”
Thought there was a common ancestor for all organisms.
Saw evolution as a tree with points of evolution breaking off from the
main branch.
Main Idea 6
• Artificial Selection
1.
2.
3.
Humans can cause this, we call it selective breeding.
Made observations of nature that traits are inherited from an organisms
parents.
Darwin hypothesized an important connection that organism’s could
“overproduce”, or have more offspring than their environment could
handle.
Main Idea 7
• You can observe evolution directly.
1.
2.
3.
Separation of species can cause evolution to occur as organisms adapt to
their new environment.
An example of direct observations is the experiment with the guppies
(Page 460)
Another example of ongoing natural selection is HIV becoming drugresistant.
Main Idea 8
• We can “see” evolution in fossil records.
1.
2.
3.
Fossils show that past organisms differed from present-day organisms.
Fossils show the gradual changes in organisms over time.
These predictions of changes based on fossils can be predicted by using
radioactive dating techniques.
Main Idea 9
• Studying Homology helps us “see” evolution.
1.
2.
3.
Organisms can have characteristics that have underlying similarities but
have different functions.
These structures are called homologous structures.
Many of the most intriguing homologies concern “leftover” structures
of marginal importance to the organism.
Main Idea 10
• Biogeography is evidence of evolution
1.
2.
3.
This is the geographic distribution of species.
Sometimes caused by continental drift.
Explains a little about endemic species.
VOCAB!!!
SO EXCITING!!!!
Evolution
Descent with modification.
Fossils
• The remains or traces of organisms from the
past.
Strata
• Superimposed layers of sedimentary rock.
Paleontology
• The study of fossils.
Catastrophism
• The principle that events in the past occurred
suddenly and were caused by mechanisms
different from those operating in the present.
Uniformitarianism
• Mechanisms of change are constant over
time.
Adaptations
• Characteristics of organisms that enhance
their survival and reproduction in specific
enviroments.
Natural Selection
• A process in which individuals with certain
inherited traits leave more offspring than
individuals with other traits.
Artificial Selection
• When humans modify other species over
many generations by selecting and breeding
individuals that possess desired traits.
Homology
• Similarities between species resulting from
having a common ancestor.
Homologous Structures
• Variations on a structural theme that was
present in species’ common ancestor.
Vestigial Structures
• Remnants of features that served important
functions on the organism's ancestry.
Evolutionary Tree
• A diagram that reflects evolutionary
relationships among groups of organisms.
Convergent Evolution
• Independent evolution of similar features in
different lineages.
Analogous
• Resemblances in species due to convergent
evolution.
Biogeography
• The geographic distribution of species.
Continental Drift
• The slow movement of Earth’s continents over
time.
Pangaea
• The single large continent that existed on
Earth 250 million years ago.
Endemic
• When species are found nowhere else in the
world.
Picture
Time!!!!!!
Layers of Strata
The finches Darwin studied
Evolutionary Tree!
Species A
A
Common ancestor to all
four species.
B
Species B
A
B
Common ancestor to
species A and B
Species C
C
C
Species D
Common ancestor to
species C and D
Homologous Structures
Question
Time!!!!
Question 1
• The similar structures in mamamlian forlimbs
is an example of…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Vestigial Structures.
Transitional Structures
Homologous Structures
Convergent Evolution
Balancing Selection
Question 1
• The similar structures in mamamlian forlimbs
is an example of…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Vestigial Structures.
Transitional Structures
Homologous Structures
Convergent Evolution
Balancing Selection
Question 2
• Islands will generally have many species of
plants and animals that are…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Weird looking
Vestigial
Repulsivary
Endemic
Heterozygotes
Question 2
• Islands will generally have many species of
plants and animals that are…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Weird looking
Vestigial
Repulsivary
Endemic
Heterozygotes
Question 3
• Camouflage is an example of…
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Evolutionary Adadptions
Cool Traits
Uniformitarianism
Homology
Relative Fitness
Question 3
• Camouflage is an example of…
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Evolutionary Adadptions
Cool Traits
Uniformitarianism
Homology
Relative Fitness
Question 4
• Biogeography is evidence for what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Fossils
Question 4
• Biogeography is evidence for what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Fossils
Question 5
• Each branch represents what in an
evolutionary tree?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A common ancestor
A common trait
A convergent evolution
A death of a species
A new kingdom of animals
Question 5
• Each branch represents what in an
evolutionary tree?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A common ancestor
A common trait
A convergent evolution
A death of a species
A new kingdom of animals
Question 6
• Charles Darwin is most famous for being the
father of what branch of science?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Paleontology
Evolution
Atomic engineering
Zoology
Genetics
Question 6
• Charles Darwin is most famous for being the
father of what branch of science?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Paleontology
Evolution
Atomic engineering
Zoology
Genetics
Question 7
• Aristotle thought of life-forms as belonging to
what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Breeds of fish
Rungs on a ladder
Types of colors
Steps in a staircase
Certain body parts of Mother Earth
Question 7
• Aristotle thought of life-forms as belonging to
what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Breeds of fish
Rungs on a ladder
Types of colors
Steps in a staircase
Certain body parts of Mother Earth
Question 8
• Carolus Linnaeus is famous for developing
what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A new way to name species
The ideas of catastrophism
The Scala Naturae
Evolutionary ideas before Darwin
The Periodic Table
Question 8
• Carolus Linnaeus is famous for developing
what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A new way to name species
The ideas of catastrophism
The Scala Naturae
Evolutionary ideas before Darwin
The Periodic Table
Question 9
• Darwin noticed that species in tropics were
well suited to their…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Enviroments.
Mating rituals.
Taste in food.
Mates.
Weather conditions.
Question 9
• Darwin noticed that species in tropics were
well suited to their…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Environments.
Mating rituals.
Taste in food.
Mates.
Weather conditions.
Question 10
• Darwin’s famous book was called what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Evolution for Dummies
Of Evolution and Species
What Happened to the Dinosaurs?
On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural
Selection
e) On the Origins of Species by Means of Evolution
Question 10
• Darwin’s famous book was called what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Evolution for Dummies
Of Evolution and Species
What Happened to the Dinosaurs?
On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural
Selection
e) On the Origins of Species by Means of Evolution
Question 11
• Darwin never used Evolution in his book,
instead he used what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Gradual change over time
New looks
Descent with change
Descent with modifications
Change and modification
Question 11
• Darwin never used Evolution in his book,
instead he used what?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Gradual change over time
New looks
Descent with change
Descent with modifications
Change and modification
That’s All Folks!
Chapter 23!
Main Idea 1
• Evolution only occurs through entire
populations.
1.
2.
3.
Common misconception that organisms evolve.
Gradual changes occur throughout a population over time.
The overall evolution of populations is called microevolution (evolutions
smallest scale)
Main Idea 2
• Genetic variations causes unique
genotypes/phenotypes.
1.
2.
3.
Many of these variations occur at the molecular level.
Variations are either discrete or quantitative.
There can be variation between isolated populations of the same species.
Main Idea 3
• Mutations
1.
2.
3.
Mutations are the ultimate source of new alleles.
We cannot accurately predict mutations, they occur randomly.
These mutations can have large impacts or small impacts on the
organism. It depends on which genes are altered and how.
SIDE NOTE!!!!
• Organisms that reproduce sexually have
genetic variation within the population mainly
due to the unique combinations of parents
genes that the organisms receive.
Main Idea 4
• The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
1.
2.
3.
Organisms are not evolving if they meet certain requirements.
Requirements: A. No mutations
B. Random mating
C. No Natural Selection
D. Extremely large population size
E. No gene flow
Equation written as p²+ 2pq+q²=1
Main Idea 5
• Genetic Drift
1.
2.
3.
The founder and bottleneck effect both cause genetic drift.
Caused by random events
Isn’t guaranteed to occur, because happens due to the events being
random.
Main Idea 6
• Gene Flow affects allele frequencies
1.
2.
3.
Caused by immigration and emigration.
Reduces genetic difference between populations.
If gene flow is extensive enough, neighboring populations could merge
into a single population.
Main Idea 7
• Natural selection depends on who is best
suited for their environment.
1.
2.
3.
There can be directional, disruptive, or stabilizing selection occurring.
Relative fitness plays important part in natural selection
Adoptions for its environment help an organism to survive and
reproduce.
Main Idea 8
• Sexual Selection plays a large role in evolution.
1.
2.
3.
This process can lead to sexual dimorphism in a species/population.
There is both intersexual (mate choice) and intrasexual selection.
Leads to males wanting what are correlated as “good genes”.
Main Idea 9
• Evolution cannot remove all unfavorable
genes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recessive alleles can be carried by heterozygous individuals.
Balancing Selection can occur in populations
Sometimes there is a heterozygous advantage, compared to a recessive
or a dominant advantage.
Sometimes, the fitness of a phenotype declines if that genotype is too
common in a population.
Main Idea 10
• Natural Selection Cannot form a perfect
organism.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Selection can act only on existing variations.
Evolution is limited by historical constraints.
Adoptions are often compromises
Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.
Vocab!!!!!
Average Heterozygosity
• The average percent of loci that are
heterozygous.
Geographic Variation
• Differences in the genetic composition of
separate populations.
Cline
• A graded change in a character along a
geographic axis.
Mutation
• A change in the nucleotide sequence of an
organism’s DNA.
Population
• A group of individuals of the same species that
live in the same area and interbreed.
Gene Pool
• All of the alleles for all the loci in all
individuals of the population.
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• A hypothetical situation of a population that is
not evolving.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
• When a gene pool meets all requirements of a
Hardy-Weinberg Principle and are not
evolving.
Genetic Drift
• A process in which chance events cause
unpredictable fluctuations in allele
frequencies from one generation to the next.
Effects of this are more pronounced in small
populations.
Founder Effect
• When a few individuals from a population are
isolated, and they establish a new population
whose genes are different than those of the
original population.
Bottleneck Effect
• A sudden change in the environment, such as
a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size
of a population, causing the new population
to have a small amounts of alleles.
Gene Flow
• The transfer of alleles into or out of a
population due to the movement of fertile
individuals or their gametes.
Relative Fitness
• The contribution an individual makes to the
gene pool of the next generation, relative to
the fitness of other individuals.
Directional Selection
• Occurs when conditions favor individuals
exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range,
thereby shifting the frequency curve for the
phenotypic character in one direction or the
other.
Disruptive Selection
• Occurs when conditions favor individuals at
both extremes of a phenotypic range over
individuals with intermediate phenotypes.
Stabilizing Selection
• Acts against both extreme phenotypes and
favors intermediate variants.
Sexual Selection
• A form of natural selection in which
individuals with certain inherited
characteristics are more likely than other
individuals to obtain mates.
Sexual Dimorphism
• Marked differences between the two sexes in
secondary sexual characteristics, which are
not directly associated with reproduction or
survival.
Intrasexual Selection
• Selection within the same sex, individuals of
one sex compete directly for mates of the
opposite sex.
Intersexual Selection
• Called mate choice, individuals of one sex
(usually the females) are choosy in selecting
their mates from the other sex.
Balancing Selection
• When natural selection maintains two or more
forms in a population.
Heterozygote Selection
• An environment where individuals with
heterozygotic traits have better fitness than
do both kinds homozygotes.
Frequency-Dependent Selection
• The fitness of a phenotype declines if it
becomes too common in the population.
Neutral Variation
• Genetic variation that does not appear to
provide a selective advantage or disadvantage.
Geographic Variation
Can you tell me who this is?
And who is this?
•This shows geographic variation as we see the facial differences between
people of Chinese and African American descent.
Genetic Drift
Because the foot squashed two bugs randomly, there is only
one green bug left in the population.
Bottleneck Effect
The bottle above only pours out five random marbles, which
represent the different alleles, and these alleles are random and
will be the gene pool of the new population.
Sexual Dimorphism
QUESTIONS!!!
Question 1
• Which of these conditions are one of the
Conditions of the Hardy-Weinderg Principle?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Even male to female ratio.
Natural selection occurs.
No natural selection occurs.
Non-random mating.
Exponential gene flow.
Question 1
• Which of these conditions are one of the
Conditions of the Hardy-Weinderg Principle?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Even male to female ratio.
Natural selection occurs.
No natural selection occurs.
Non-random mating.
Exponential gene flow.
Question 2
• Which are two examples of genetic drift
(select two answers from the list)?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Bottleneck Effect
Hardy-Weinberg Effect
Isolation Effect
Founder Effect
Catastrophism
Question 2
• Which are two examples of genetic drift
(select two answers from the list)?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Bottleneck Effect
Hardy-Weinberg Effect
Isolation Effect
Founder Effect
Catastrophism
Question 3
• Which of the following is the smallest scale of
evolution?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Macroevolution
Smallvolution
Microevolution
Minilution
Evolution of Species
Question 3
• Which of the following is the smallest scale of
evolution?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Macroevolution
Smallvolution
Microevolution
Minilution
Evolution of Species
Question 4
• Where does most of the genetic variation in a
population that reproduces sexually come from?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The random mating.
Random combinations of their parents features.
Random combination alleles received.
Asexual reproduction of ancestors.
Geographic Variations
Question 4
• Where does most of the genetic variation in a
population that reproduces sexually come from?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The random mating.
Random combinations of their parents features.
Random combination alleles received.
Asexual reproduction of ancestors.
Geographic Variations
Question 5
• In which population is genetic drift most
significant?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Isolated large populations.
Large populations with gene flow.
Small populations.
Interbreeding populations.
All large populations
Question 5
• In which population is genetic drift most
significant?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Isolated large populations.
Large populations with gene flow.
Small populations.
Interbreeding populations.
All large populations
Question 6
• If an environment supports an organism with
intermediate variations, it is experiencing…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Directional Selection
Disruptive Evolution
Stabilizing Selection
Sexual Selection
General Evolution
Question 6
• If an environment supports an organism with
intermediate variations, it is experiencing…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Directional Selection
Disruptive Evolution
Stabilizing Selection
Sexual Selection
General Evolution
Question 7
• Intrasexual Selection is…?
a) When males choose the females.
b) When females choose the males.
c) When females look at males features to decide a
mate.
d) When one sex challenges individuals of the same
sex for the rights to mate.
e) Sexual Dimorphism.
Question 7
• Intrasexual Selection is…?
a) When males choose the females.
b) When females choose the males.
c) When females look at males features to decide a
mate.
d) When one sex challenges individuals of the same
sex for the rights to mate.
e) Sexual Dimorphism.
Question 8
• During a heterozygote advantage you will have…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Homozygotes dying in large amounts.
Heterozygotes having better fitness.
Homozygous individuals not being able to mate.
Heterozygotes are dying quickly.
e) Homozygotes are becoming sterile.
Question 8
• During a heterozygote advantage you will have…?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Homozygotes dying in large amounts.
Heterozygotes having better fitness.
Homozygous individuals not being able to mate.
Heterozygotes are dying quickly.
e) Homozygotes are becoming sterile.
Question 9
• When frequency-dependent selection is occurring, what is
happening?
a) The amount of a certain allele occurring is low in
homozygotes
b) Heterozygotes are dying at an alarming rate
c) Fitness of a phenotype is declining as it becomes too
populated
d) Heterozygotes are dying
e) Homozygotes are dying
Question 9
• When frequency-dependent selection is occurring, what is
happening?
a) The amount of a certain allele occurring is low in
homozygotes
b) Heterozygotes are dying at an alarming rate
c) Fitness of a phenotype is declining as it becomes too
populated
d) Heterozygotes are dying
e) Homozygotes are dying
Question 10
• What is one reason Natural Selection cannot fashion a perfect
organism?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Adaptations are not compromises
Selection cannot act on existing variations
Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact
Evolution is not limited by historical constraints.
Chance, natural selection, and the enviroment do not
interact
Question 10
• What is one reason Natural Selection cannot fashion a perfect
organism?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Adaptations are not compromises
Selection cannot act on existing variations
Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact
Evolution is not limited by historical constraints.
Chance, natural selection, and the enviroment do not
interact
Thanks for reading!!!!!!!!!!!!
CH. 24
The Origin Of Species
Key Terms
• Speciation: process which one species splits into 2+
species
• Microevolution: changes over time in allele
frequencies within a population over generations
(genotypic cluster)
• Macroevolution: broad pattern of evolution over a
long time span
• Biological species concept: definition of species as a
population or group of populations whose numbers
have potential to interbreed in nature and produce
viable fertile offspring but not with members of other
groups
• Species: group of populations whose members have
potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable
offspring
Key Terms (cont.)
• Reproductive Isolation: existence of biological
factors that impede members of 2 species from
producing viable offspring
• Hybrids: offspring that result from inter-specific
mating
• Prezygotic barriers: impedes mating between
species or blocks fertilization from occurring if
inter-specific mating is attempted
• Postzygotic barriers: contribute to reproductive
isolation after hybrid zygote formed
Key Terms (cont.)
• Morphological species concept: characterizes species by
body shape and other structural features
• Ecological species concept: views species in terms of its
ecological niche (the sum of how members of the species
interact with the non-living and living parts of their
environment)
• Phylogenetic species concept: species as smallest group of
individuals share common ancestry, forming one branch
(monophyletic) on the tree of life
• Allopatric speciation: gene flow interrupted when
population divided into geographically isolated
subpopulations
• Sympatric speciation: occurs in populations that live in the
same geographic area
• Polyploidy: species originated from accident during cell
division resulting in extra sets of chromosomes
Key Terms (cont.)
• Autopolyploid: individual that has 2+ chromosome sets
derived from single species
• Allopolyploid: fertile individual has 2+ chromosome sets as
a result of 2 different species interbreeding and combining
chromosomes
• Hybrid zone: region which members of different species
meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed
ancestry
• Reinforcement: natural selection strengthens prezygotic
barriers to reproduction, thus reducing chances of hybrid
formation
• Punctuated equilibria: long periods of apparent stasis in
which species undergo little or no morphological change
interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change
Key Ideas
• Know the biological species concept and that it
emphasizes reproductive isolation through the 2
barriers that separate gene pools
• Limitations of the biological species concept:
– Cannot be applied to fossils or asexual reproductive
organisms (prokaryotes)
– Designated by the absence of gene flow
• Allopatric speciation can occur when 2 populations of
1 species become separated
– Meanwhile, one or both may undergo evolutionary
change, resulting in the establishment of the 2
reproductive barriers
• Sympatric speciation can overlap with the parent
species in the same geographic location
– Can result from habitat shifts and sexual selection
Key Ideas (cont.)
• The difference between allopatric and sympatric
speciation:
– Sympatric – same geographic location
– Allopatric – geographically separated
• Many groups of organisms form hybrid zones so the
members of different species can mate to produce
mixed-ancestry offspring
• Many hybrid zones have limited # of hybrid offspring
that continue to be produced over time
– In some hybrid zones, reinforcement strengthens
prezygotic reproductive barriers which decreases
formation of unfit hybrid zones
– Other hybrid zones’ reproductive barriers may weaken
over time, resulting in fusion of species’ gene pools
Key Ideas (cont.)
• Prezygotic barriers: same common ancestor but
cannot produce offspring
• Postzygotic barriers: offspring of parent species is
infertile
• New species can form rapidly once divergence begins
– Time interval between speciation events varies from one
thousand to tens of millions of years
• New developments have enabled researchers to
identify specific genes
– Results show speciation can be driven by few or many
genes
• Due to repeated events, small differences in organisms
can accumulate, leading to formation of new groups of
organisms
1. Which species concept(s) could you apply to
both sexual and asexual species?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Biological & Phylogenetic
Morphological
Phylogenetic & Ecological
A and B
B and C
1. Which species concept(s) could you apply to
both sexual and asexual species?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Biological & Phylogenetic
Morphological
Phylogenetic & Ecological
A and B
B and C
2. Which type of speciation is more common?
a. Sympatric
b. Parapatric
c. Allopatric
d. Peripatric
2. Which type of speciation is more common?
a. Sympatric
b. Parapatric
c. Allopatric
d. Peripatric
3. Where is allopatric speciation more likely to
occur?
a. Mainland island
b. Arctic environment
c. Isolated island
d. Freeman Lake
3. Where is allopatric speciation more likely to
occur?
a. Mainland island
b. Arctic environment
c. Isolated island
d. Freeman Lake
4. Which of the following is an example of a
postzygotic barrier?
a. Mating season of the Spotted skunks
b. Offspring of a donkey and a horse
c. Morphological differences in a snail
d. Mating behaviors of the Blue-footed
boobies
4. Which of the following is an example of a
postzygotic barrier?
a. Mating season of the Spotted skunks
b. Offspring of a donkey and a horse
c. Morphological differences in a snail
d. Mating behaviors of the Blue-footed
boobies
5. Which form of polyploidy occurs when two
different species interbreed and produce hybrid
offspring?
a. Autopolyploid
b. Allopolyploid
c. Altopolyploid
d. Accupolyploid
5. Which form of polyploidy occurs when two
different species interbreed and produce hybrid
offspring?
a. Autopolyploid
b. Allopolyploid
c. Altopolyploid
d. Accupolyploid
6. The picture below is an example of which
species concept?
a. Biological
b. Phylogenetic
c. Ecological
d. Morphological
6. The picture below is an example of which
species concept?
a. Biological
b. Phylogenetic
c. Ecological
d. Morphological
7. The largest unit within which gene flow can
readily occur is?
a. population
b. genus
c. species
d. phylum
e. hybrid
7. The largest unit within which gene flow can
readily occur is?
a. population
b. genus
c. species
d. phylum
e. hybrid
8. According to the punctuated equilibria model,
a. natural selection is unimportant as a
mechanism of evolution
b. given enough time, most existing
species will branch gradually into new
species
c. most new species accumulate their
unique feature relatively rapidly as they
come into existence
d. most evolution occurs in sympatric
populations
8. According to the punctuated equilibria model,
a. natural selection is unimportant as a
mechanism of evolution
b. given enough time, most existing
species will branch gradually into new
species
c. most new species accumulate their
unique feature relatively rapidly as they
come into existence
d. most evolution occurs in sympatric
populations
9. What is/are limitations to the biological
species concept?
a. Absence of gene flow
b. Emphasizes concept of natural selection
c. Number of species is limited
d. A and B
e. A and C
9. What is/are limitations to the biological
species concept?
a. Absence of gene flow
b. Emphasizes concept of natural selection
c. Number of species is limited
d. A and B
e. A and C
10. Which long-term outcome of hybrid zones is
a weakening of the reproductive barriers?
a. fusion
b. stability
c. reinforcement
d. differentiation
10. Which long-term outcome of hybrid zones is
a weakening of the reproductive barriers?
a. fusion
b. stability
c. reinforcement
d. differentiation
CH. 25
The History of Life On
Earth
Key Terms
• Macroevolution: broad pattern of evolution over
large time scales
• Protobionts: collections of abiotically produced
molecules surrounded by a membrane-like
structure
• Ribozyme: RNA molecule that functions as
enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing
• Radiometric dating: dating of fossils based on
decay of radioactive isotopes
• Half-life: time required for 50% of parent isotope
to decay
Key Terms (cont.)
• Geologic Record: division of Earth’s history into time
periods separated in 3 eons- Archaean, Proterozoic,
Phanerozoic
• Stromatolites: layered rocks that form when certain
prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together
• Endosymbiosis: posits that mitochondria and plastids were
formerly small prokaryotes that began living in larger cells
• Endosymbiont: cell that lives within another cell, host cell
• Serial Endosymbiosis: model showing mitochondria
evolved before plastids through sequence of endosymbiotic
events
Key Terms (cont.)
• Cambrian explosion: large, hard-bodied animals with
most of major body plans known today appeared in the
fossil record; 535-525 million years ago
• Continental drift: slow movement of continental plates
across Earth’s surface
• Pangaea: plate movements that brought Earth’s
landmasses together to form a super continent 250
million years ago
• Adaptive radiation: periods of evolutionary change in
which groups of organisms form many new species
whose adaptations allow to fill different ecological
roles in communities
Key Terms (cont.)
• Heterochrony: evolutionary change in rate or
timing of developmental events
• Paedomorphosis: retention in adult organisms of
juvenile features of evolutionary ancestors
• Homeotic genes: master regulatory genes that
determine location and arrangement of basic
features will develop
• “Hox” genes: provide positional information in
animal embryo
• Exaptations: structures that evolve in 1 context
but become co-opted for another function
Key Ideas
• Lab experiments stimulating a reducing atmosphere
produced organic molecules from inorganic precursors
– Amino acids are found in meteorites and polymerize when
added to hot sand, clay, or rock
• Organic compounds can spontaneously form in labs
into protobionts, membrane-bounded droplets with
some properties of cells
• Early protobionts with RNA capable of guiding
polypeptide synthesis and self-replication would’ve
been more effective for using resources and increased
natural selection #
Key Ideas (cont.)
• Fossil record documents rise and fall of different
groups of organisms over time
– Shows how new groups of organisms arise through gradual
modification of preexisting organisms
– Sedimentary strata reveal relative ages of fossils; absolute
ages estimated by radiometric dating and others
• Key events in life’s history are: origins of single and
multi-celled organisms and colonization of land
• Continental drift alters physical geography and climate
of Earth
– Can lead to extinctions of organisms or burst of speciation
Key Ideas (cont.)
• 5 mass extinctions have altered history of life in
evolutionary history
– Some possibly caused by changes in continent position, volcanic
activity, or meteorite/comet impact
• Large increases in life diversity resulted from adaptive
radiations from mass extinctions
– Also occurred in organism groups that had big evolutionary
innovations or colonized new regions with little competition
• Developmental genes affect morphological differences
within species by influencing the rate, timing, spatial
patterns of change as develops
– Evolution of new morphological forms caused by nucleotide
sequence changes or developmental gene regulation
Key Ideas (cont.)
• Novel and complex biological structures can
evolve through series of incremental
modifications that benefits the organism
• Evolutionary trends caused by factors like
natural selection in changing environment or
species selection
– Result from interactions between organisms and
current environments
1. A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish
maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim
bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an
example of
a. evolutionary trend
b. paedomorphosis
c. changes in Hox gene expression
d. adaptive radiation
e. exaptation
1. A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish
maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim
bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an
example of
a. evolutionary trend
b. paedomorphosis
c. changes in Hox gene expression
d. adaptive radiation
e. exaptation
2. All of the following promote adaptive radiation
EXCEPT:
a. diversification of another group of
organisms
b. migration to new locations where few
competitor species exist
c. mass extinctions
d. continental drift
e. major evolutionary innovations
2. All of the following promote adaptive radiation
EXCEPT:
a. diversification of another group of
organisms
b. migration to new locations where few
competitor species exist
c. mass extinctions
d. continental drift
e. major evolutionary innovations
3. Fossilized stromatolites
a. all date from 2.7 billion years ago
b. formed around deep-sea vents
c. resembles structures formed by
bacterial communities that are found
today in some warm, shallow, salty bays
d. provide evidence that plants moved
onto land in the company of fungi around
500 million years ago
3. Fossilized stromatolites
a. all date from 2.7 billion years ago
b. formed around deep-sea vents
c. resembles structures formed by
bacterial communities that are found
today in some warm, shallow, salty bays
d. provide evidence that plants moved
onto land in the company of fungi around
500 million years ago
4. All of the following are possible reasons that
mass extinctions are caused EXCEPT:
a. continent position
b. volcanic activity
c. meteorite/comet impact
d. radiation
4. All of the following are possible reasons that
mass extinctions are caused EXCEPT:
a. continent position
b. volcanic activity
c. meteorite/comet impact
d. radiation
5. Which of the following can lead to the
extinction of organisms?
a. Cambrian explosion
b. continental drift
c. heterochrony
d. paedomorphosis
5. Which of the following can lead to the
extinction of organisms?
a. Cambrian explosion
b. continental drift
c. heterochrony
d. paedomorphosis
6. For what is radiometric dating used?
a. relative age dating of fossils
b. gene regulation
c. estimating the absolute age of fossils
d. abiotic synthesis
6. For what is radiometric dating used?
a. relative age dating of fossils
b. gene regulation
c. estimating the absolute age of fossils
d. abiotic synthesis
7. What is the main function of ribozymes?
a. catalyze reactions during RNA splicing
b. photosynthesis
c. supporting ancestral prokaryotes
d. involved in nucleotide sequences
7. What is the main function of ribozymes?
a. catalyze reactions during RNA splicing
b. photosynthesis
c. supporting ancestral prokaryotes
d. involved in nucleotide sequences
8. Large increases in life diversity resulted from:
a. Cambrian explosion
b. adaptive radiations from mass
extinctions
c. heterochrony
d. ancestral prokaryotes
8. Large increases in life diversity resulted from:
a. Cambrian explosion
b. adaptive radiations from mass
extinctions
c. heterochrony
d. ancestral prokaryotes
9. Which of the following were found in
meteorites?
a. ancestral prokaryotes
b. ribozymes
c. amino acids
d. mitochondria
9. Which of the following were found in
meteorites?
a. ancestral prokaryotes
b. ribozymes
c. amino acids
d. mitochondria
10. Which phenomenon 535-525 million years
ago introduced new types of animals?
a. Neutral theory
b. paedomorphosis
c. Archaean explosion
d. Cambrian explosion
10. Which phenomenon 535-525 million years
ago introduced new types of animals?
a. Neutral theory
b. paedomorphosis
c. Archaean explosion
d. Cambrian explosion
Chapter 26
of Evolution
Tim Whitehouse
10 most importants…
26.1
Tree of Life, Evolutionary Relationships
Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Systematics- a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their
evolutionary relationships.
Phylogeny based on DNA data shows humans are more closely related to
fungi then either is to plant.
Taxonomy- how organisms are named and classified.
Binomial Nomenclature- the two part format of the scientific name.
The first part of a Binomial, is the Genus a species belongs to. The second
part is the specific epithet, unique to its species.
26.1
Tree of Life, Evolutionary Relationships
In the Linnaean System, Hierarchical Classification goes from least specific to most
specific.
Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species.
Taxon- the named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy.
Phylogenic Trees- a branching diagram showing the evolutionary history of a group of
organisms.
PhyloCode- only naming groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants.
Branch Points- represent divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.
Branch point, AKA a node.
A
1
4
B
C
Sister
Taxa
2
This branch point represents
most recent ancestor of taxa A-F
3
D
E
F
A polytomy- an
unresolved pattern of
divergence
26.1
Tree of Life, Evolutionary Relationships
What is the order of the Linnaean Hierarchy Classification System from biggest to smallest?
a)Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
b)Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
c)Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
#1
26.1
Tree of Life, Evolutionary Relationships
What is the order of the Linnaean Hierarchy Classification System from biggest to smallest?
a)Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
b)Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
c)Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
#1
26.1
Tree of Life, Evolutionary Relationships
Which of the trees shown below depicts a different evolutionary history for taxa A-D
than the other two?
B
D
C
A
A
B
C
D
a)
b)
#2
D
C
B
A
c)
26.1
Tree of Life, Evolutionary Relationships
Which of the trees shown below depicts a different evolutionary history for taxa A-D
than the other two?
B
D
C
A
A
B
C
D
a)
b)
#2
D
C
B
A
c)
26.2
Morphological and Molecular Data
Analogy- similarities in two species due to Convergent evolution
Homology- similarities in two species due to shared ancestry.
Homoplasies- analogous (similar) structures that arose independently.
ACGGATAGTCCACTAGGCACTA
TCACCGACAGGTCTTTGACTAG
Molecular homoplasy, these two DNA sequences coincidently share 25% of
their bases.
Molecular Systematics- the discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine
evolutionary relationships.
26.2
Morphological and Molecular Data
Suppose that species 1 and species 2 have similar
appearances but very different gene sequences,
and that species 2 and species 3 have very different
appearances but similar gene sequences. Which
pair of species is more likely to be closely related: 1
and 2, or 2 and 3? Explain.
#3
26.2
Morphological and Molecular Data
#3
Suppose that species 1 and species 2 have similar
appearances but very different gene sequences,
and that species 2 and species 3 have very different
appearances but similar gene sequences. Which
pair of species is more likely to be closely related: 1
and 2, or 2 and 3? Explain.
2 and 3 are more closely related because genes
can cause huge changes in appearance, even with
small gene differences.
26.3
More Polygenic Trees
Cladistics- systematics using common ancestry to organize and classify organisms.
Clades- groups which includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.
1
A
B
A
B
A
B
3
C
C
C
D
D
D
4
E
F
1
G
Monophyletic- an ancestor
and all its descendants.
2
E
F
E
F
G
G
2
3 4
Paraphyletic- an
ancestor and most of its
descendants.
Polyphyletic- taxa with
different ancestors.
26.3
More Polygenic Trees
Shared Ancestrial Character- a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
Shared Derived Character- an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
Outgroup- a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have
diverged before the lineage that includes the species in question.
Ingroup- the species or group of species in question, being studied.
Note: on a phylogenic tree, branch lengths can be proportional to relative
amounts of genetic change or to relative amounts of time passed.
Maximum Parsimony- the idea that the one should first investigate the simplest
explanations that are consistent with the facts. Simplest is best. (A.K.A the “Occam’s Razor”)
Maximum Likelihood- given certain rules about DNA changes over time, a tree can be found
that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
Human
a) Percentage
differences
between
sequences
Human
Mushroom
Tulip
0
Mushroom
Tulip
30%
40%
0
40%
0
26.3
More Polygenic Trees
Phylogenetic Bracketing- using parsimony to predict that features shared by two groups of
closely related organisms are present in their common ancestor and all of its descendants,
unless independent data indicates otherwise.
To distinguish a particular clade of mammals within the larger
clade that corresponds to class Mammalia, would hair be a useful
character? Why or why not?
a ) Yes, to try to split up the class Mammalia into smaller
groups or clades, using the character of hair would not help. All
mammals have hair.
b) no.
#4
26.3
More Polygenic Trees
Phylogenetic Bracketing- using parsimony to predict that features shared by two groups of
closely related organisms are present in their common ancestor and all of its descendants,
unless independent data indicates otherwise.
To distinguish a particular clade of mammals within the larger
clade that corresponds to class Mammalia, would hair be a useful
character? Why or why not?
a ) Yes, to try to split up the class Mammalia into smaller
groups or clades, using the character of hair would not help. All
mammals have hair.
b) no.
#4
26.4
More Evolutionary History, Genes
Different genes evolve at different rates, even in the same evolutionary
lineage.
Orthologous Genes- homologous genes that are found in different species because
of speciation.
Paralogous Genes- caused by gene duplication, so they are found in more than one
copy in the same genome.
Ancestral gene
Species A
Speciation with divergence of gene
Gene duplication and divergence
Species A
Species B
a) Orthologous genes
Species A after many generations
b) Paralogous genes
26.4
More Evolutionary History, Genes
Which of the following is the figure displaying?
a) Paralogous genes
b) Orthologous genes
c) Maximum Parsimony
Species A
Gene duplication and divergence
#5
Species A after many generations
26.4
More Evolutionary History, Genes
Which of the following is the figure displaying?
a) Paralogous genes
b) Orthologous genes
c) Maximum Parsimony
Species A
Gene duplication and divergence
#5
Species A after many generations
26.5
Evolutionary Time, Molecular Clocks
Molecular clock- measures the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the
observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at
constant rates.
Neutral Theory- states that much evolutionary change inn genes and proteins has
no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian Selection.
Note: Debate against the Neutral Theory and the Molecular Clock concept
has been influenced by skepticism about how much natural selection effects
evolutionary change.
26.5
Evolutionary Time, Molecular Clocks
What is a Molecular Clock?
a) the thing that makes you wake up in the morning.
b) a measuring tool for molecules.
c) a concept for the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the
observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to
evolve at constant rates.
#6
26.5
Evolutionary Time, Molecular Clocks
What is a Molecular Clock?
a) the thing that makes you wake up in the morning.
b) a measuring tool for molecules.
c) a concept for the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the
observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to
evolve at constant rates.
#6
26.6
Understanding the Tree of Life
Today, it is accepted that there are no longer just plants and animals. The
highest level of hierarchy classification is three Domains. ( Eukarya, Archaea, and
Bacteria ) The stages scientist went through to come to these Domains were…
1st plant vs animal
2nd Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Monera, and Protista
3rd The Domains- Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea
26.6
Understanding the Tree of Life
Land plants
eukarya
Animals
Fungi
Common
ancestor of
all life
archaea
bacteria
26.6
Understanding the Tree of Life
Some scientists say the tree of life is more like the ring of life. They say this due to
the idea of Horizontal Gene Transfer- a process in which genes are transferred from one
genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and
plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusions of organisms.
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
26.6
Understanding the Tree of Life
What are the three Domains?
a) Bacteria, Plants, and Animals
b) Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Bacteria
c) Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria
#7
26.6
Understanding the Tree of Life
What are the three Domains?
a) Bacteria, Plants, and Animals
b) Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Bacteria
c) Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria
#7
What does Maximum Parsimony mean?
a) the simplest answer is the best
b) the most complex answer is the right one
c) the most possible amount of “Parsi” a
species can have
#8
What does Maximum Parsimony mean?
a) the simplest answer is the best
b) the most complex answer is the right one
c) the most possible amount of “Parsi” a
species can have
#8
If the species under study were A-C, then what is
the term for species D?
A
B
C
D
a) Paralogous
b) the Ingroup
c) the Outgroup
#9
If the species under study were A-C, then what is
the term for species D?
A
B
C
D
a) Paralogous
b) the Ingroup
c) the Outgroup
#9
If DNA and other molecular data were used to
compare evolutionary relationships, then the use
of classifying could be defined as…
a) Cladistics
b) Molecular Systematics
c) PhyloCode
#10
If DNA and other molecular data were used to
compare evolutionary relationships, then the use
of classifying could be defined as…
a) Cladistics
b) Molecular Systematics
c) PhyloCode
#10
Chapter 29
Plant Diversity I:
How Plants
Colonized Land
Key terms:
1. Sporopollenin - Layer of durable polymer that prevents
exposed zygotes from drying out.
2. Phragmoplast - Group of microtubules that form between the
daughter nuclei of a dividing cell.
3. Gametophyte - Haploid that is named for its production by
mitosis of haploid gametes eggs and sperm that fuse, and
form diploid zygotes.
4. Sportophyte - Multicellular diploid produced during mitosis
division of the zygote.
5. Haploid spores - Produced during Meiosis in a mature
sporophyte.
Key terms Contd. :
6. Sporangia - Multicellular organs in a sporophyte.
7. Sporocytes - Diploid cells or spore mother cells, that
undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores.
8. Gametangia - Gametes within multicellular organs.
9. Archegonia – The female gametangia.
10. Vascular tissue - Cells that are joined into tubes
that transport water and nutrients throughout the
plant body.
Top Ten List
• 1. Algae and land plants have many of the
same characteristics:
Plants have multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
autotrophs, as do brown, red, and certain green
algae. Plants have cell walls made of cellulose as do
green algae.
Top Ten List contd.
2.
Although Land plants and algae are similar there are four major
differences:
The first is alternation of Generations, which is a life cycle in which there is
both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular
haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristics of plants and some algae.
The second is plant spores produce spores that have multicellular sporangia
unlike algae spores that are flagellated, and lack sporopollenin.
The third way that land plants and algae are different is by that land plants
produce gametes within multicellular organs called gametangia unlike
alga.
The fourth and final way that land plants and algae are different is by that
plants roots and shoots can elongate, increasing exposure to
environmental resources. This growth in length is sustained throughout
the plant’s life by the activity of apical meristems, that are localized
regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots.
Top Ten List contd.
• 3. The origin of Plants
The origin of plants is still being debated but the
oldest fossil evidence is fossil spores from the
Ordovician period. These spores were
released in a bundle with two to four spores in
each fused together unlike spores today that
are released by themselves.
Top Ten List contd.
• 4. Bryophyte Gametophytes
Gametophytes are the dominant stage of the life
cycle. They are longer living than the
sporophytes and are typically most visible.
They generally form ground hugging carpets,
for example the gametophytes that make up a
carpet of moss.
Top Ten List contd.
• 5. Bryophyte Sporophytes
Sporophytes grow out of archegonia and are
attached to and dependent on the haploid
gametophytes for nourishment. They are
smaller and much more simplier than vascular
plan sporophytes.
Top Ten List contd.
• 6. Origin of Vascular Plants
Fossils of the forerunners of today’s vascular
plants date back to about 420 million years
and show that these small plants had
independent, branching sporophytes. The
ancestor of the vascular plant did lack
significant traits such as a life cycle with
dominant sporophytes and lignified vascular
tissue.
Top Ten List contd.
• 7. Evolution of Roots
Lignified vascular tissue also provides benefits
below ground. Roots have evolved in almost
all vascular plants. Roots are organs that
absorb water and nutrients from soil. Roots
also anchor vascular plants, hence allowing
the shoot system to grow taller.
Top Ten List contd.
8. Evolution of Leaves
Leaves increase the surface area of the plant
body and serve as the primary
photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.
Leaves can be classified as either microphylls
or megaphylls. Microphylls originated from
sporangia located on the side of the stem.
Megaphylls evolved from a series of branches
lying close together on a stem.
Top Ten List contd.
• 9. Classification of Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless vascular plants include phylum
Lycophyta (mosses) and phylum Pterophyta
(ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns). Ancient
lycophytes included both small herbaceous
plants and large treelike plants.
Top Ten List contd.
10. The Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless vascular plants dominated the earliest
forests. Their growth may have helped to
produce the major global cooling that
characterized the end of the Carboniferous
period.
Extra info.
• An example of a seedless vascular plant is a
spike moss.
• Charophyte is a land plant that produces
flagellated sperm and has a sporophytedominated life cycle.
• Liverworts is one of the bryophytes phyla .
• Carbonforous is the period that seedless
vascular plants help to produce the major
global cooling that ended this period.
Extra Info.
• The range of height for a moss is from 1mm up to
2m.
• the fossil spores that were found in the 1970s
were from the Ordovician period.
• Leaves increase the surface area of the plant
body and serve as the primary photosynthetic
organ of vascular plants.
• Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
• The decaying remnants of the first forests
became coal.
Diagram ( lifecycle of moss)
Diagram (lifecycle of moss)
• The diagram lifecycle of moss shows the moss
from the spore developing into threadlike
protonemata to the moss full grown and then
finally the moss releasing its seeds to start the
process all over again.
Diagram (lifecycle of a fern)
Diagram (lifecycle of a fern)
• The diagram shows the fern from when the
spores are first released to the plant slowly
growing into the adult fern to that adult fern
producing spores and restarting the life cycle.
Multiple Choice
• 1. What is one example of a seedless vascular
plant?
a. Red roses
b. spike mosses
c. Tiger tulips
d. Yellow Daffodil
e. monkey grass
Answers
• 1. What is one example of a seedless vascular
plant?
a. Red roses
b. spike mosses
c. Tiger tulips
d. Yellow Daffodil
e. monkey grass
Multiple Choice
• 2. Which of the following is a land plant that
produces flagellated sperm and has a
sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
a. Moss
b. charophyte
c. hornwort
d. fern
e. fescue
Answers
• 2. Which of the following is a land plant that
produces flagellated sperm and has a
sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
a. Moss
b. charophyte
c. hornwort
d. fern
e. fescue
Multiple Choice
• 3. Identify one of the bryophytes phyla from
the following choices:
a. Sporophytes
b. Sphagnum
c. liverworts
d. Hordophytes
e. carboniferous
Answers
• 3. Identify one of the bryophytes phyla from
the following choices:
a. Sporophytes
b. Sphagnum
c. liverworts
d. Hordophytes
e. carboniferous
Multiple Choice
4. In what period did Seedless Vascular Plants
help to produce the major global cooling that
ended this period?
a. Carboniferous
b. Habroniferous
c. Otdovician
d. Crestacious
e. sphagnum
Answers
4. In what period did Seedless Vascular Plants
help to produce the major global cooling that
ended this period?
a. Carboniferous
b. Habroniferous
c. Otdovician
d. Crestacious
e. sphagnum
Multiple Choice
• 5. What is the range of height for a moss?
a. 1mm up to 2m
b. 3mm up to 7m
c. 2mm up to 5 mm
d. 8 mm up to 12 mm.
e. .5mm up to 3mm
Answers
• 5. What is the range of height for a moss?
a. 1mm up to 2m
b. 3mm up to 7m
c. 2mm up to 5 mm
d. 8 mm up to 12 mm.
e. .5mm up to 3mm
Multiple Choice
6. What is one name for green algae?
a. Charophytes
b. flarophytes
c. granophytes
d. Ranophytes
e. bryophytes
Answers
6. What is one name for green algae?
a. Charophytes
b. flarophytes
c. granophytes
d. Ranophytes
e. bryophytes
Multiple Choice
7. In what time period is the fossil spores from
that was found in the 1970s ?
a. Craustacus
b. Ordovician
c. Neoclassical
d. Gardovician
e. Romantic
Answers
7. In what time period is the fossil spores from
that was found in the 1970s ?
a. Craustacus
b. Ordovician
c. Neoclassical
d. Gardovician
e. Romantic
Multiple Choice
• 8. Which of the following increase the surface
area of the plant body and serve as the primary
photosynthetic organ of vascular plants ?
a. Strobili
b. Stem
c. roots
d. Leaves
e. petals
Answers
• 8. Which of the following increase the surface
area of the plant body and serve as the primary
photosynthetic organ of vascular plants ?
a. Strobili
b. Stem
c. roots
d. Leaves
e. petals
Multiple Choice
9. What is an organ that absorbs water and
nutrients from the soil?
a. Leaves
b. roots
c. homosporous
d. moss
e. petals
Answers
9. What is an organ that absorbs water and
nutrients from the soil?
a. Leaves
b. roots
c. homosporous
d. moss
e. petals
Multiple Choice
10.What did the decaying remnants of the first
forests become?
a. Coal
b. lava
c. trees
d. Animals
e. rock
Answers
10.What did the decaying remnants of the first
forests become?
a. Coal
b. lava
c. trees
d. Animals
e. rock
Chapter 30
Plant Diversity II:
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Key Terms
• 1. Seed – consists of an embryo and its food supply,
surrounded by a protective coat.
• 2. Integument – Is a layer of sporophyte tissue that
envelops and protects the megasporangium.
• 3. Pollination – The transfer of pollen to the part of a
seed plant that contains the ovules.
• 4. Progymonsperms – A seedless vascular plant.
• 5. Conifers - Cone-bearing gymnosperms found in
forest in the northern latitudes.
• 6. Flower – Is an angiosperm structure specialized for
sexual reproduction.
Key Terms
• 7. Sepals – Usually green and enclose the flower
before it opens. Located at the base of the flower.
• 8. Petals- Interior of sepals. Brightly colored in
most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators.
• 9. Stamens- Produce microspores that develop
into pollen grains containing male gametophytes.
• 10. Fruit- Typically consists of a mature ovary,
although It can include other flower parts as well.
Top Ten List
• 1. Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes
The evolutionary trend of gametophyte reduction continued further
in the vascular plant lineage that led to seed plants. The
miniaturization in gametophytes allowed for an important
evolutionary innovation in seed plants: their tiny gametophytes
can develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the
parental sporophyte. This protects the delicate female
gametophytes from environmental stresses. The moist
reproductive tissues of the sporophyte shield the
gametophytes from UV radiation and protect against
drying out. This relationship enables dependent
gametophytes to obtain nutrients from the sporophyte.
Top Ten List contd.
2. Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds
If sperm fertilizes an egg of a seed plant, the zygote grows
into a sporophyte embryo. Until the advent of seeds,
the spore was the only protective stage in any plant life
cycle. Although mosses and other seedless plants
continue to be very successful today, seeds represent a
major evolutionary innovation that contributed to the
opening of new ways of life for seed plants. Seeds
have an extra protective coating called seed coat that
adds protection to the embryo and supplies stored
food. This enables the seed to remain dormant for
days, months, and even years.
Top Ten List contd.
3. Gymnosperm Evolution
Gymnosperms appear early in the plant fossil
record and dominated Mesozoic terrestrial
ecosystems. Living seed plants can be divided
into two monophyletic groups: gymnosperms
and angiosperms. The first seed bearing
plants appeared from around 360 million
years ago, more than 200 million years before
the first angiosperm fossils.
Top Ten List contd.
4. The Life Cycle of a Pine
Dominance of the sporophyte generation, the
development of seeds from fertilized ovules, and
the role of pollen in transferring sperm to ovules
are key features of a typical gymnosperm life
cycle. From the time young pollen and ovulate
cones appear on the pine tree, it takes almost
three years for the male and female
gametophytes to be produced and brought
together and mature seeds to form from the
fertilized ovules.
Top Ten List contd.
5. Characteristics of Angiosperms
Flowers generally consist of four whorls of
modified leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and
carpels. Ovaries ripen into fruits, which often
carry seeds by wind, water, or animals to new
locations. All angiosperms are classified in a
single phylum, anthophyta (flower)
Top Ten List contd.
6. Angiosperm Evolution
An adaptive radiation of angiosperms occurred
during the Cretaceous period. Fossils,
phylogenetic analyses, and developmental
studies offer insights into the origin of
flowers. It is still a mystery as to the origin of
angiosperms and how they developed from
earlier seed plants.
Top ten list contd.
• 7. Angiosperm Diversity
Several groups of basal angiosperms have been
identified. Other major clades of angiosperms
include monocots, magnoliids, and eudicots.
Angiosperms have diversified from over
250,000 living species. Until the late 1990’s,
flowering plants were divided into two groups
(monocots and dicots). Now due to DNA
studies, they are divided into major clades.
Top ten list contd.
8. Evolutionary Links Between Angiosperms
and Animals
Pollination and other interactions between
angiosperms and animals may have led to
increased species diversity in both of these
groups. Insects that move from flower to
flower as well as herbivores eating plant’s
roots, leaves, or seed can effect the evolution
of terrestrial plants.
Top ten list contd.
9. Products from Seed Plants
Most of our food comes from angiosperms. Today’s crops are
the products of a relatively recent burst of genetic change,
resulting from artificial selection after humans began
domesticating plants about 13,000 years ago. These plant
variations can range from size differences to the bitter vs.
sweet taste in domesticated foods versus those found
growing in the wild. Humans have used the seed plants to
create a sweeter less fatal almond to creating herbs and
bark from trees for medicine.
Top Ten List contd.
10. Threats to Plant Diversity
Although plants may be a renewable resource, plant diversity
is not. The exploding human population and its demand
for space and resources are extinguishing plant species at
an extremely rapid rate. The problem is very severe in the
tropics where half the human population lives and where
population growth is fastest. The most common cause is
the slash and burn clearing for agricultural use in the
tropical rain forest. As forest disappear, so do thousands
of plant species. This will have a domino effect on the
earth’s ecosystem and the number of species that will be
lost due to inability to survive. Once a plant becomes
extinct, it will not be able to return again.
Extra Info
• A flower is an angiosperm structure specialized
for sexual reproduction found on a plant.
• A fruit consist of Mature ovary and may include
other flower parts.
• A Several intriguing fossils of 125-million-yearold angiosperms was found in China in the late
1990s.
• Magnoliids consist of 8,000 different species.
• One of the six crops that contribute to the 80%
of all the calories consumed by humans is rice.
Extra info
• One use of the compound morphine is as a pain
reliever.
• One use of the compound quinine is as a malaria
preventer.
• Two of the world’s most popular beverages
comes from tea leaves and coffee beans.
• A little under 5,000 species have been studied as
potential sources of medicines.
• 25% percent of prescription drugs contain one or
more active ingredients extracted or derived from
plants.
Diagram of a flower structure
Diagram
• The idealized structure of a flower include
petals, sepal, ovule, ovary, style, stigma,
anther and filament. Without all of these a
flower would not be 100% complete these
parts of the flower are all very vital to its
survival.
Diagram (life cycle of an angiosperm)
Diagram (life cycle of an angiosperm)
• The diagram shows the angiosperms life cycle
starting on the anther, where each
microsporangium contains microsporophytes
that divide by meiosis, producing microspores.
To the final stage when a seed germinates,
and the embryo develops into a mature
sporophyte.
Multiple Choice
• 1. Which of the following is an angiosperm
structure specialized for sexual reproduction
found on a plant?
a. Flower
b. sepals
c. petals
d. stamens
e. stem
Answers
• 1. Which of the following is an angiosperm
structure specialized for sexual reproduction
found on a plant?
a. Flower
b. sepals
c. petals
d. stamens
e. stem
Multiple Choice
2. What does a fruit consist of ?
a. Mature ovary and may include other flower
parts.
b. The sepals and petals
c. The stamen and the flower
d. seeds and meat
e. juice
Answers
2. What does a fruit consist of ?
a. Mature ovary and may include other flower
parts.
b. The sepals and petals
c. The stamen and the flower
d. Seeds and meat
e. Juice
Multiple Choice
• 3. What was found in China in the late 1990s?
a. A large 50 foot tall plant
b. Several intriguing fossils of 125-million-yearold angiosperms.
c. The oldest tree living from 154 thousand
years ago.
d. 500 new species of rice.
e. New species of trees.
Answers
• 3. What was found in China in the late 1990s?
a. A large 50 foot tall plant
b. Several intriguing fossils of 125-millionyear-old angiosperms.
c. The oldest tree living from 154 thousand
years ago.
d. 500 new species of rice.
e. New species of trees.
Multiple Choice
4. How many species do magnoliids consist of?
a. 5,000
b. 200
c. 8,000
d. 900
e. 500
Answers
4. How many species do magnoliids consist of?
a. 5,000
b. 200
c. 8,000
d. 900
e. 500
Multiple Choice
5. What is one use of the compound
morphine?
a. heart medication
b. pupil dilator in eye exam
c. pain reliever
d. cancer treatment
e. diabetes
Answers
5. What is one use of the compound
morphine?
a. heart medication
b. pupil dilator in eye exam
c. pain reliever
d. cancer treatment
e. diabetes
Multiple Choice
• 6. What is one use of the compound Quinine?
a. Muscle relaxant
b. pain reliever
c. salt
d. Malaria preventive
e. antibiotic
Answers
• 6. What is one use of the compound Quinine?
a. Muscle relaxant
b. pain reliever
c. salt
d. Malaria preventive
e. antibiotic
Multiple Choice
7. What is one of the six crops that contribute to
the 80% of all the calories consumed by
humans?
a. chocolate
b. strawberries
c. rice
d. sugar cane
e. cocoa
Answers
7. What is one of the six crops that contribute to
the 80% of all the calories consumed by
humans?
a. chocolate
b. strawberries
c. rice
d. sugar cane
e. cocoa
Multiple Choice
• 8. Two of the world’s most popular beverages
come from what two plant leaves/beans?
a. Tea leaves/coffee beans
b. oak leaves/ black eyed peas
c. maple leaves/cocoa beans
d. Dogwood leaves/ vanilla beans
e. Sequoia leaves/ castor beans
Answers
• 8. Two of the world’s most popular beverages
come from what two plant leaves/beans?
a. Tea leaves/coffee beans
b. oak leaves/ black eyed peas
c. maple leaves/cocoa beans
d. Dogwood leaves/ vanilla beans
e. Sequoia leaves/ castor beans
9. How many plant species have been studies as
potential sources of medicines?
a. 3,000 species
b. 1,000 species
c. 5,000 species
d. 500 species
e. 800 species
Answers
9. How many plant species have been studies as
potential sources of medicines?
a. 3,000 species
b. 1,000 species
c. 5,000 species
d. 500 species
e. 800 species
Multiple Choice
• 10. What percent of prescription drugs
contain one or more active ingredients
extracted or derived from plants ?
a. 10 %
b. 8%
c. 75%
d. 25 %
e. 95%
Answers
• 10. What percent of prescription drugs
contain one or more active ingredients
extracted or derived from plants ?
a. 10 %
b. 8%
c. 75%
d. 25 %
e. 95%
Free Response 1
3. Invasive species, such as red fire
ants, introduced into an ecosystem
often threaten native plants and
animals.
(a) Describe THREE
different factors that contribute to
the success of invasive species in an
ecosystem.
(b) Discuss THREE ways
that an invasive species can affect
its new ecosystem.
(c) The map indicates the
spread of the red fire ant after its
initial entrance into the United
States at the port of
Mobile, Alabama, in the 1930s.
Discuss TWO environmental factors
that might have determined the
pattern
of fire ant invasion.
(d) Discuss TWO possible methods of eradicating
or slowing the spread of these ants, including the
environmental consequences of each method.
Free Response 2
4. Phylogeny reflects the evolutionary
history of organisms.
(a) Discuss TWO mechanisms of
speciation that lead to the development
of separate species from a common
ancestor.
(b) Explain THREE methods that have
been used to investigate the phylogeny of
organisms. Describe a
strength or weakness of each method.
(c) The two phylogenetic trees represent
the relationship of whales to six other
mammals. All of the organisms
shown have a pulley-shaped astragalus
bone in the ankle except for the whale.
• For each tree, describe a monophyletic
group, the closest relative to the whale,
and the point at which
the pulley astragalus was lost or gained.
• Based on the principle of parsimony (the simplest
explanation is the best) and the genomic information
in the table shown, identify which tree is the best
representation of the evolutionary relationship of
these animals, and justify your answer.
Kevin Britt- chapters 22 & 23
Brennan Ray- chapters 24 & 25
Tim Whitehouse- chapter 26 and FR
AJ Walters- chapters 29 & 30