Transcript physical/biological anthropology

PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
~ UNIT 4 ~
What is Physical/Biological
Anthropology?

Study of the _______________aspects of
humans and _____________ humans.

Non-cultural – all ____________
characteristics that are genetically ________

Near-human - includes __________, apes,
other ___________, & our
____________ancestors
The Three Categories?
1. Human Biology – human__________, genetic
inheritance patterns, non-cultural
_______________ to environment, and other
biological characteristics of our species, _________
2. Primatology - ______________ primate
studies. Usually done in a _____________
setting among ________ apes, monkeys, and
related animals. Interested in learning about the
____________ and behavior _______ of
primates--our ____________ living relatives.
3. Paleoanthropology - Recover the _______
record of _________ humans and their
_________ ancestors in order to understand
the path of our _______________. Often
work with geologists, ________________, and
scientists with other specialties who help them
reconstruct _______________ environments.
searching for
fossils
and artifacts of
our distant
human
ancestors in
a French cave
CHAPTER 11
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Pre-Darwin Theories
1.
Creationism - special and _____________ creation
by _________ of every species and that
________________do not
______________through ___________from
generation to generation.
2.
The "Great Chain of Being" - _______ created an
____________ and _____________ series of life
forms, each one grading into the next, from simplest
to most ___________, and that all ___________,
including humans, were created in their _________
form and that they have remained
______________ since then.
3. Catastrophism – there was a ___________ &
sudden _________ catastrophes (great floods and
rapid formation of mountains). ___________ &
animals living in those parts of the world were often
______________. Then _____________ forms
moved in from other areas. Result - ___________
show a ___________changes in ____________.
4. Uniformitarianism - ___________ forces changing
the ___________of the earth's _________ have
been operating in the past much the same
way. “The _____________ is the key to understanding
the __________. ” – Had a great affect on _______
________________in the 1830’s.
Charles Darwin

He didn’t invent the idea of ________________, but
carried out the ______________ to prove that it has
occurred

In the ___________________ he made the
observations that eventually led him to ________
what causes _________ and animals to ___________
The _________________________ by Means of Natural Selection,
or
The ________________________________________ in the Struggle for Life


1st edition published in ____________
Galápagos Islands

__________ voyage on H.M.S. __________

______________ are slightly ___________
from one _____________ to another

have _______________ found in
______________ part of the world. Similar
ones exist on the ______________ coast of
_______________________________
Natural Selection

Nature selected the best ______________
to survive and to ___________________

He believed the ________________ already
existed and that _____________ just
selected for the most suitable __________
shape and against __________ useful ones
◦ Darwin described this process as the
“______________________________"
Evolution

Evidence has come from four sources:
1. The ___________ record of change in earlier species
2. The _________________ and _______________
similarities of related life forms
3. The _______________ distribution of related species
4. The recorded ____________________ in living
organisms over many generations
Fossils

_____________ of
animals and plants found in
_________ rock deposits

Provides evidence that the
______________animals
and plants of today were
____________ by earlier
_____________ ones.
Fossil Hominids: Lucy
1974 Discovered in _________
 _________ million years old
 Adult _________
 about __________years old
 Her arms are __________ than
humans today, but __________
than a _______________
 She is between the two species
on the _________________

'Ardi,' Oldest
Human Ancestor?

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

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_______ million years old
Found in _________
______________
It's not a _________
It's not a ____________
Could ___________&
____________________
last ________________of
chimpanzees and humans.
_________________________fossil - earliest bird in fossil record.Thought to be ___________
million years old.
 Found 1891 in _______________________. More than 10 have been found. Has many
features of a dinosaurs & birds such as scales on head, feathers, wings, a tail, etc.

Chemical and Anatomical Similarities

All plants and animals receive specific characteristics
from their ______________ by inheriting particular
combinations of ___________________.

______________ is the same for all _____________

Species share the same types of ___________
because they ______________ them from a common
_________________ that had them.

All living things either share a ________________ or
they came into existence as a result of ____________
______________________
Geographic Distribution

isolated ______________ and _________ groups
often ____________ their own distinct plant and
animal ____________________

______________ in these areas have been
evolving in _____________ from the rest of the
world for _________________ of years.
Genetic Changes

_____________________ - new
________________ of plants and animals
(ex. ________________)

individuals lacking the _______________
characteristics are ______________ to
_____________. Therefore, the following
generations have the _____________ traits.
Classification of Living Things

Today we use the system invented by the ______
naturalist ______________________

published in his ___________________, in _____

defined ____________ and introduced the
system where each species receives a _______
and species _____________

grouped the organisms according to __________
Extinction

__________________ of species

occurs at the _____________ of the last
________________ of that species.

The ____________________ extinction event
was the Earth’s most severe extinction event,
rendering extinct ____________ of all ________
species and _________ of
_______________________________species.
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Thylacine yawning
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Quagga at London's Regent's Park Zoo, 1870 - last specimen in captivity died in 1883 at Artis
Magistra Zoo in Amsterdam.
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Thylacinus in Washington D.C. National Zoo, c. 1906 - It was 1936 when the last Thylacine took
its final breath in Hobart Zoo, Tasmania
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Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacine) photographed in a cage with a chicken 1936 - this marsupial carnivore