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Chapter 15
Section 1: Theories of Evolution
Lamarck’ Theory of Evolution
• Organisms had need/desire to improve
• Use and disuse
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Charles Darwin – The Trip
• Charles Darwin: The naturalist
• Traveled on H.M.S. Beagle in 1831 to the
Galapagos Islands
– Climates
– Finches
– Tortoises
Hawaiian Honeycreeper
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Darwin and Modern Evolution
• Darwin: A brief history
• Influences on Darwin:
– Trip to the Galapagos Islands
– Hutton and Lyell (Unifromitarianism)
– Thomas Malthus
– Alfred Wallace
• Publication of The Origin of Species - 1859
Darwin’s Application of Malthus
– Organisms produce more offspring than
can survive
– This produces a struggle for existence
– Each member has variations
– Those with variations that give the
organism an advantage will have the
best chance for survival = “survival of
the fittest”
Darwin’s Theories
• Descent with Modification
– Common ancestry
• Modification by Natural Selection
– Fitness
– Adaptive advantage
– Source of adaptation?
– Definition of success
Explaining Natural Selection
• Occurs when organisms with higher
fitness survive, reproduce and successfully
pass on their traits
• Organisms with lower fitness are less likely
to survive
• Eventually, population is made up of only
those with higher fitness
QOD
What evidence do we have to
support evolution by natural
selection?
Fossils
• Definition:
• Types:
– Mold
– Cast
– Amber
– Frozen
– Imprint
– Trace
– Mineralized
How Fossils Form
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Distribution of Fossils
• Location
– Type of rock
– Law of superposition
– Stratum/Strata
• Age
– Relative age
– Absolute age
Fossils in Rock Layers
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Succession and Biogeography
• Succession of Forms
– Extinction
– Mass extinction
• Biogeography
Evidence for Evolution
• Fossils
• Homologous Structures
• Analogous Structures
• Vestigial Structures
• Embryology
• Macromolecules
Homologous Structures
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Analogous structures
Vestigial Structures
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Other Forms of Evidence
Patterns of Evolution
• Coevolution
• Convergent evolution
• Divergent evolution
– Adaptive radiation
– Artificial selection
Hawaiian Honeycreeper
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QOD
Where do we see natural selection
in action today?
Kettlewell and the peppered moth
Antibiotic resistance