PowerPoint Chp 1
Download
Report
Transcript PowerPoint Chp 1
Concepts and Methods in Biology
Starr/Taggart’s
Biology:
The Unity and Diversity of Life,
Chapter 1
9e
Key Concepts:
There is unity and diversity in the world of life
Theories of evolution and natural selection
explain life’s diversity
Biology is based on observations, hypotheses,
prediction, and experimental tests
DNA, Energy, and Life
All organisms consist of one or more cells
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
The signature molecule of cells is DNA
DNA encodes protein-building instructions
RNAs help carry out these instructions
Objects Built from the Same Material
but with Different Instructions
Nothing Lives Without Energy
Energy = The capacity to do work
Everything has some amount of energy
All events involve a transfer of energy
Metabolism
Capacity to obtain and convert energy from
surroundings
Capacity to use energy in maintenance and growth
Sensing and Responding
Receptors detect stimuli
Stimuli are forms of energy
Cells adjust metabolic activities in response to
stimuli detected by receptors
These responses maintain homeostasis
Internal operating conditions remain within tolerable
limits
Levels of Biological Organization
Hierarchy of Organization
Levels of Biological Organization
Hierarchy of Organization
Interdependencies Among
Organisms
Producers:
Make their own food
Consumers:
Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers
Decomposers:
Break down molecules to simpler materials
Energy Flow & Materials Cycling
Classification
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Anaerobic cells
Multicelled
Prokaryotic
Decomposers
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Prokaryotic
Protista
Single and multicelled
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Plantae
Photosynthetic
Eukaryotic
Animalia
Consumers
Eukaryotic
An Evolutionary View of Diversity
Mutation
Molecular change in DNA
Original source of variations in heritable traits
May be harmful, harmless, or beneficial
Adaptive trait:
Any trait that helps an organism survive and
reproduce
Whether a trait is adaptive or not depends on
prevailing conditions
Evolution
Genetically based change in a line of descent
over time
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
explains the connection between evolution and
variation in traits
Natural Selection
Individuals in a population vary in some
heritable traits
Some heritable traits are more adaptive under
prevailing conditions
Differences in heritable traits influence survival
and reproduction of individuals
Adaptive traits become more common in
population
Biological Inquiry
Observe nature
Develop hypothesis
Make testable prediction
If tests do not confirm prediction,
consider why
Repeat tests or devise new ones
Analyze and report test results
Sequence of Steps in
Scientific Experiment
Scientific Theory
A testable hypothesis about the cause or causes
of a broad range of related phenomena.
Remains open to tests, revision, and tentative
acceptance or rejection
Darwin’s view of natural selection is a respected
scientific theory