Transcript GHSGE Review - SCHOOLinSITES

AHSGE Review
J. Pollock
Spring 2007
Classification
Systems
Compare the five and six-kingdom
classification systems.
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5-Kingdom
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Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
based on structural
similarity
did not include
archaebacteria
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6-Kingdom
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Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia,
Eubacteria
based on structural
similarity
included archaebacteria
need for additional
kingdom with advancing
technology
How is the classification system
organized?
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Six kingdoms
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
How do I use a dichotomous key?
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A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to
determine the identity of an organism, given two
choices.
It has a serious of highly organized statements
organized into couplets.
Both choices are read and compared with the
organism being identified.
The process continues until a conclusion is reached.
http://students.ed.qut.edu.au/n2364379/MDB377/Dicho
tomousKeyOutline.html
How are monerans, protists, and
fungi beneficial and harmful?
Monerans
Protists
Fungi
Supply food for
aquatic life,
supply oxygen,
decompose dead
organisms
First link in
aquatic food
chains, produce
oxygen, used in
industrial
products
Decomposers,
food source,
necessary for
production of beer
and bread,
antibiotics
Some parasitic
Some cause
diseases, some
cause red tides
Damage to
plants, allergies,
illness
Why can viruses be classified
separate from living things?
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Viruses do not carry out cellular functions.
They can only reproduce inside a host cell because
they are only a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a
protein coat.
They have a five stage “life cycle.”
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adsorption - attachment to cell
entry - injection into cell
replication - construction of new viral components
assembly - new viruses made
release - host cell splits and new viruses go to new cells
Viruses
How is binomial nomenclature used
to name organisms?
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Organisms are named using their genus and
species names.
The names are italicized and the first word
capitalized.
Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What skeletal structures
distinguish animals?
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Internal/external skeleton
Vertebrate/invertebrate (backbone/no
backbone)
Type of nervous system
What methods of reproduction
distinguish animals?
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Sexual/asexual
External/internal fertilization (eggs fertilized
inside or outside the mother’s body)
Zygote development (stages of development)
Opposite sexes
How does body symmetry
distinguish organisms?
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Lack of symmetry (no central point)
Radial symmetry (body parts arranged around
a central point)
Bilateral symmetry (left and right mirrored
halves)
What body coverings distinguish
organisms?
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Skin
Shell
Feathers
Fur
Hair
Scales
What are different methods of
locomotion used by organisms?
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Cilia/flagella
Pseudopods
Wings
Legs
Fins
Describe protective adaptations of
animals.
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Exoskeleton – arachnids, insects, crustaceans;
protection from organ damage
Internal skeleton - vertebrates; protection from
organ damage
Nematocysts – protection from predators
Coloring – hiding from predators
How does the theory of evolution explain the
nature and diversity of organisms?
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Evolution is defined as a change in the genetic makeup
of a population or species over time.
Darwin’s theory explains that only the animals that are
strong and capable of responding to their environments
will survive and reproduce.
The characteristics of the surviving organisms become
the most common.
It is believed that all organisms developed from simple
organisms with the basic cell design.
What is natural selection?
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Natural selection is the process by which populations
change in response to their environment as individuals
better adapted to the environment leave more
offspring.
It is also called survival of the fittest.
Species that survive have learned to adapt to the
environment. Habitats present different challenges, so
organisms must rise to the challenge.
Species in a certain area result from species that once
lived in the area or nearby species.
Natural Selection
What is survival of the fittest?
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In a particular environment, some individuals
are better suited for survival and so leave more
offspring.
Over time, change within species leads to the
replacement of old species by new species as
less successful species become extinct.
How does geographic isolation
occur?
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With geographic isolation, groups are
physically separated.
Smaller populations are particularly vulnerable.
Genetic and phenotypic change occur so that
new species are created.
What evidence in the fossil record
shows animal adaptation?
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Adaptation is a change in a species over
several generations. They are NOT changes in
organisms.
Fossils are traces of previously living
organisms. Scientists can determine their
ages using radioactive dating.
Comparisons can be made between previously
living organisms and present organisms to
show evolution.
What evidence in the fossil record
shows animal adaptation?
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Some animals possess vestigial organs
(structures homologous to other animals that
appear to serve no function).
There are also differences in species that are
similar in most other ways to show evolution as
a process.