Transcript Pre AP Biology

AP Biology
Darwin and the History to his Theory
of Natural Selection
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What are traits?
The expression of nucleotide sequences
What do nucleotide sequences compose?
Genes
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How does an organism get genes?
They are inherited
From where do organisms get genes?
From the previous generation (the parents)
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What are the components of the Cell Theory?
The cell is the basic unit of life
All living things are made of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Pre-existing
Cell
• What influences an ecosystem?
• Biotic and abiotic factors
What brought Charles Darwin into the forefront of
science?
The publishing of his book in 1859 – On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection
What was the book mainly
about?
The biodiversity on the earth
• What were the three main themes of Darwin’s
book?
• Species similarities and differences
• Adaptations for survival
• Geographic distribution
They look
almost like
humans
They look
almost like
apes
• What is the Theory of Natural Selection?
• Natural selection and competition are
the driving forces of evolution
• How well organisms are able to respond
to competition will determine their
survival
• Organisms with traits favorable to the
environment will survive and reproduce
• Organisms with traits unfavorable to the
environment will struggle, die out,
adapt, or move to another place
• What did Carolus Linnaeus contribute to the field
of biology?
• He developed the modern classification system
that we use today for studying organisms
• What title is Linnaeus give?
• The Father of Taxonomy
• What is taxonomy?
• The science of species classification
• Before Linnaeus how were organisms classified?
• Into 2 kingdoms – Plants & Animals
• Aristotle devised this classification system
• How did Linnaeus name
organisms?
• He used a two-name naming
system
• What is this system called?
• Binomial nomenclature
• How does the system work?
• The genus name is written
first and is capitalized
• The species name is written
second and is not capitalized
• Why is a scientific name always written in italics?
• Because the Latin language is used for these
names
• Why is it written in Latin?
• Because Latin is a dead language (not used as a
conversational language by any group of people);
therefore, it will not change over time
• Scientists anywhere in the world can use it, and
everyone will be using the same words
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What are the levels of classification used today?
Domain
Similar kingdoms
Similar phyla or divisions
Kingdom
Similar classes
Phylum
Similar orders
Class
Order
Similar families
Family
Similar genuses (genera)
Genus
Similar species
Organisms that can interbreed and
Species
produce fertile offspring
What is each level composed of?
• What is a taxon?
• The term used for any level in the classification
system
• Which taxon is the most inclusive and the least
specific?
• Domain
• Which taxon is
the least inclusive
and the most
specific?
• Species
• What is a breed?
• A sub category of
species
• Different breeds
of dogs, cats,
horses, etc.
• What is an easy way to remember the
classification taxons in the correct order?
• Use a mnemonic
• This is a silly sentence or phrase in which the 1st
letter or each word is the 1st letter of the word you
wish to remember
• Example: Dominating King Phillip Came Over For
Green Salad
• How was Cuvier important to the study of
taxonomy?
• He was a paleontologist
• What is a paleontologist?
• Someone who studies fossils
• What does this term mean?
• Old bones
• What was Cuvier’s contribution to taxonomy?
• He proposed the Theory of Catastrophism
• Some organisms seemed to suddenly disappear
from the earth (such as dinosaurs) due to some
catastrophic event (like a meteor hitting the earth)
• How do fossils form?
• Plants or animals get buried under
layers of sediment in a body of water
• Over time the weight of the layers
preserve the organism in a fossilized
form
• What kind of rock are most fossils
found in?
• Sedimentary
• What does the term strata mean?
• Layers
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How can we tell the age of fossils?
By the layer of rock in which they are found
Older layers are on bottom
Younger layers are on top
• What did James Hutton contribute to the
classification of organisms?
• He was a geologist
• He studied rocks and the processes that formed
them
• He proposed the Theory of Gradualism
• He proposed that the earth had to be millions of
years old, because it would take that long to form
mountains, canyons, etc.
• What did Charles Lyell contribute
to the classification of
organisms?
• He wrote the book Principles of
Geology, which proposed the
Theory of Uniformitarianism.
• “The present is the key to the
past”
• Everything we see occurring
today also occurred in the past
• It took millions of years for the
geologic formations we see today
to be created
• What did Lamarck contribute to the classification
of organisms?
• He proposed the theory of evolution the year
Darwin was born
• His theory was called Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics by Means of Use versus Disuse
• If a body part is not used, it will disappear in future
generations
• If a body part is used, it will be inherited in future
generations
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What was the fallacy of Lamarck’s theory?
Traits are the expression of genes
Genes are inherited
Unless the gene changes, the trait will not change
• What did Thomas Malthus contribute to the
classification of organisms?
• He was an economist (studied business and
money)
• He wrote the essay “Principles of Population”,
which stated that more organisms are produced
than are able to survive in nature
• Life becomes a struggle for existence
• A psychologist actually came up with the term
“survival of the fittest”----not Darwin
• What is social Darwinism?
• The idea that “survival of the
fittest” be used as an excuse to
practice eugenics
• What is eugenics?
• The killing off of genetically
inferior individuals
• The criteria for this decision
might be race, color, religious
beliefs, nationality, or genetic
problems, such as mental or
physical deformities
Darwin’s Book
Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Example: Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo is the Genus part.
sapiens is the Species part.
Taxonomy of Life
Georges Cuvier
Theory of Catastrophism
Examples of fossils
Fossil Formation using water,
sediment, and long periods of time
James Hutton
Theory of Gradualism
Charles Lyell
Theory of Uniformitarianism
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
Thomas Malthus
Principles of Population
Malthus’s Hypothesis
Life is a struggle to exist