Transcript 22_Review2
Announcements Wednesday (March14) Exam II No class Friday (March 16th) All students will be taking exam here. 116 RAL • Bring: #2 pencil Photo ID Student ID# NetID (usually 1st part of e-mail) • Arrive early • Sit every other seat. • No cell phones, no hats • Neighbors will have different exams Test Format • 50 questions, multiple choice & T/F • bonus questions • 50 minutes Test Material • Any thing from lectures or text book is fair game • Fact-based questions, concept application Assigned Reading Chapters from Book: 6,7,8,9,10 Understand examples, terms (usually bolded), and be able to answer the discussion questions in each chapter (unless they require additional reading). Lecture 13 : Antipredator behavior • Strategies to avoid being eaten • How to avoid being seen – – – – Choice of background Cryptic coloration/shape Artificial camouflage Rapid color change • Toxins, chemical defenses & Aposematic coloration • Synthesize de novo or sequester from food • Mimicry • Mullerian (complexes)and Batesian mimicry • Behavioral mimicry • Warning behavior of spotted prey • Vigilance, armor, startle tactics • Tail release, screaming Chapter 6 Understand adaptation (including constraints - table 6,1) and the comparative method. Will not need to use game theory for solving problems but understand what optimality theory and game theory are. Optimality - benefits of behavior outweigh the costs Game Theory - similar but also need to consider the behavior in the context of the actions of a competitor (or receiver). Lecture 14: Foraging • Optimal foraging theory – Reduce costs and increase benefits • Limitations to optimal foraging – Environmental constraints – Predators & parasitism • Efficient food handling – Minimize time spent handling food (e.g. star-nosed mole, mantis shrimp, trap jaw ant) • Prey choice – Caloric value vs. ease of acquiring • Foraging strategies – Can change with environmental/social conditions – Example: lions and hunting group size – Sit-and-wait vs. active foraging • Examples: horned lizard & Argentine ants, humans & spices Chapter 7. We will be discussing the advantages of hunting in groups later in the semester. Lecture 15: Dispersal & Territoriality • Ideal free distribution of individuals in a habitat • Definitions: home range, core area, territory, dispersal, orientation, navigation, migration • Dispersal vs. philopatry – Costs and benefits of each – Sex-biased dispersal • Introduced species – Introduced, domestic/feral, human commensal, invasive – Modes of introduction • Migration – Taxonomic distribution, examples – Cues used for migration • Territoriality – Costs, benefits – Alternate strategies – “Dear enemies” Lecture 16: Communication • Types of signaling & examples • Functions of signaling • Modes of communication – Visual, auditory, chemical, vibrational, electrical & examples • Limitations to signal transmittance • Sensory exploitation – E.g. swordtails, zebra finches • Honest signaling & the Handicap Principle • Multimodal signaling Chapter 9. Will not be tested on information in “The history of Insect Wings” section. Lecture 18: Dance Language • • • • • Symbolic communication Information conveyed by dance & how this is coded Von Frisch’s initial experiments Wenner’s olfactory map hypothesis How controversy was resolved– Gould’s definitive experiment • Other systems of bee recruitment: how are they similar/different from Apis mellifera? – Apis florea, stingless bees • Adaptive value of the dance • How dance is sensed & distance is measured • Examples of other Apis mellifera dances Also see information in Chapter 8 Lecture 19: Sexual Selection I • Sexual vs. asexual reproduction – Meiosis, recombination, syngamy, and anisogamy characterize sex – Hermaphroditism • Evolutionary advantages/disadvantages of sex – Dis: expensive gonads, risky mating, recombination breaking up beneficial combos of alleles, – Advantages: Muller’s ratchet, faster adaptive evolution, disease/parasite resistance • • • • • Implications of anisogamy: sexual conflict Sexual selection: intra- and intersexual Male competition Male mating strategies: monogamy, polygyny, sneaking & examples Sperm competition – – – – Increased sperm production, elaboration of penis structure Precopulatory: nuptial gifts During copulation: sperm removal appendages Postcopulatory: mate guarding, female sperm choice Lecture 20, 21: Sexual Selection II • Sexual advertisements: male ornamentation • Female choice/preference – Theories for evolution of ornaments & female preference • • • • Healthy male & parasite avoidance Good genes & Handicap principle Fisher “Runaway” sexual selection Sensory bias & “Chase-away” sexual selection • Role reversal Chapter 10. Do not worry about operational sex ratio and parental investment, yet… We will also be covering mating systems after break. Good luck!