Transcript Lecture3

Lecture 3. What is Life? The Hallmarks of (Earth) Life.
reading: Chapter 3
What is Life?
We only know one kind of life - Earth life
a flame in a flame in
Earth’s gravity zero gravity
Distinguishing life from non-life
cat
vs.
car
sugar
cat
vs.
a flame
cat
vs.
a crystal
What are the characteristics that separate life from non-life?
What is Life?, cont.
We mostly rely upon the saying “we know it when we see it”.
We have, so far, not been able to define life. (Definition like
water IS H2O).
This may be a problem when we go to search for life elsewhere.
We may not recognize it as life or easily distinguish it from non-life.
6 Key Properties of Life
1. Has Order/Structure
• earth life is cellular
• boundary separates the cell from the environment
• structure/order within the cell
• order is NECESSARY for life, but order by itself is NOT SUFFICIENT
for life (a dead cell has order but not life)
2. Reproduction
• living organisms reproduce their own kind
• sometimes this is a simple process
• sometimes it is a very complex process
animals give live birth, plants use male and female flowers
6 Key Properties of Life, cont.
3. Growth and Development
• living organisms grow in a controlled manner
• (growth ≠ reproduction)
• living organisms change/develop in a controlled manner
• process is controlled by heredity - traits passed on to
the next generation in a precise manner
• growth and development necessary, but not sufficient for life
4. Energy Utilization
• cells need fuel
• make waste products
• harness the energy gained to create
order/structure, carry out reproduction,
growth and development
6 Key Properties of Life, cont.
5. Response to the Environment
• must interact with the environment
• must interact with each other
• adapt to SHORT-TERM changes in environment
grow a winter coat, alter your preferred energy source,
hibernate
• movement
6. Evolutionary Adaptation
• adapt to LONG-TERM changes in environment
• adaptation must be heritable, passed onto next generation
in a controlled manner
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Origin of Species published 1859.
“survival of the fittest”
1. Overproduction and the struggle for survival
• resources (food, water, energy) are always limiting
• there is always competition for resources
2. Individuals vary
• mutations are always occurring
• some have better traits than others
3. Survival of the fittest
• individuals better able to obtain resources survive and reproduce
• next generation will have better traits than previous generations
• natural selection/adaptation
over time, advantageous traits are selected for and win.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, cont.
Darwin didn’t understand the mechanisms behind natural selection
(discoveries in molecular biology & genetics much later).
This doesn’t invalidate his theory.
(Copernicus came up with the correct model for the solar system,
but he didn’t understand concept of gravity.)
Spent almost 30 years collecting evidence to support his theory.
Galapagos finches - 13 species, each adapted to different
microenvironments and lifestyles.
artificial selection - breeding of domesticated plants & animals
can cause profound changes in a few thousand years.
antibiotic resistance catastrophe in hospitals.
The 6 Key Properties of Life, revisited
Car
Flame
Crystal
Virus
1. Order/Structure
Y
Y
Y
Y
2. Reproduction
N
Y
Y
Y
3. Growth/Development
N
Y
Y
Y
4. Energy Utilization
Y
Y
N
N
5. Response to the Environment
Y/N
Y
Y
N
6. Evolutionary Adaptation
N
N
Y
Y
The 6 Key Properties of Life, revisited
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Order/structure
Reproduction
Growth/development
Energy utilization
Response to the environment
Evolutionary adaptation
•
•
•
All living things have to have ALL 6 of these traits.
One alone/five are not sufficient to constitute life.
Non-living things typically lack one or many of these traits.
Earth Life Goes Beyond the 6 Key Traits
Not only do all organisms have cells,
all cells have similar structures.
The biochemistry of Earth cells is very similar:
•all life is carbon based
•all life made of the biogenic elements C, H, N, O, P, S
make up 96% of the atoms in cells
•all have DNA and RNA
•all make RNA the same way
•all make proteins the same way using DNA and RNA and other proteins
•Earth life is all fundamentally the same - it all shares a common
ancestor
Why Carbon?
•C is abundant
•can form bonds with lots of other elements (e.g., H, N, O, P, S)
•can form a variety of C-C bonds
single (C-C), double (C=C), triple bonds (CC)
•C is versatile
- forms rings
- chains
- networks
- one atom bonds with up to 4 other atoms
•organic molecules contain C and H in addition to other atoms.
Silicon, Si:
•Si is abundant
•can also have 4 bonds at once
•bonds are weaker than C
•highly insoluble in water
•doesn’t form double or triple bonds or chains, rings, networks
•limited in its reactivity
Molecular Components of Earth Life
All components made from complex organic molecules
Carbohydrates:
general structure CH2O
are sugars
monomers: glucose
polymers (repeating units): lactose, cellulose, starch
Lipids:
form cell membranes/barriers to the environment
oil and water -> oil droplets
fatty acid (fat + COOH)
glycerol (simple sugar)
Proteins
Play structural roles: cell walls, collagen in our skin, fingernails
Play catalytic roles: enzymes, catalyze the reactions needed for life
Are polymers of amino acids - amino (contains NH2) acids (contains COOH)
Are >70 amino acids in the universe.
But only 20 amino acids are found in Earth life.
Glycine
Valine
Phenylalanine
Handedness
Complex organic compounds like amino acids have two flavors
that are mirror images of each other (handedness).
Amino acids produced by non-living processes contain an equal
mixture of left- (L-) and right-handed (D-) forms.
Amino acids produced by living processes contain the lefthanded (L-) version!
Similarly, carbohydrates made by Earth life contain right-handed
(D-) sugars.
Another hint that all of Earth life is related by a common ancestor.
Similar Metabolism
Cells are chemical machines.
Chemical reactions are carried out by proteins/enzymes.
Catalysts make a chemical reaction “go” MUCH faster.
Cells make a variety of complex structures from raw materials.
biosynthesis builds up those complex structures
Requires energy in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate).
Cells make ATP, then consume
it during biosynthesis.
Again, evidence all Earth life had a
common ancestor.
Water
Chemical reactions occur in solution (dissolved in water).
Allows substrates and wastes to be transported in and out of the cell.
Is a reactant or product in many chemical reactions.
Makes up most of the cell.
When water disappears, cells die.
Water must be liquid (not boiling, not solid ice).
bases:
Nucleic Acids
phosphate
sugar
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid:
phosphate
Hereditary material of the cell.
Holds the operating instructions for the cell.
sugar
Double-stranded, so is easily duplicated
and passed to next generation.
phosphate
Information contained in the sequence of
sugar
bases: AGTTGTGC
A binds to T, C binds to G
phosphate
Sequence carries information to make proteins.
Both strands match up and zip together.
sugar
Can unzip, a copy of each is made.
RNA ribonucleic acid:
Similar DNA, role is to help make proteins.
Some RNAs catalyze reactions in protein synthesis (rRNA in the ribosome).
Others make transient copies of genes, carry instructions for making a
protein (mRNA).
Mutations (changes) in the DNA can lead to changes in the protein.
Lecture 4. Big bang, nucleosynthesis, the lives and
deaths of stars.
reading: Chapter 1