Chapter 23 (OLD)
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Transcript Chapter 23 (OLD)
Chapter 23
Diversity of Individuals and
Evolution of Populations
I. Evolution occurs with the gradual change in the
allele frequency within a population over time
a
population of one species has a variety of individuals
for any feature, there can be many phenotypes
phenotypes are determined by alleles
must examine change in allele frequency of a
population over time
II. Examining population’s allele and genotype
frequency to study evolution
population
- localized group of individuals of the same
species
species
gene
- a group of populations that can interbreed
pool - all alleles for all genes present in a population
genetic
structure of a population - population frequency
of alleles & genotypes
III. Hardy-Weiberg theorem for a non-evolving
population - a look at population structure
Assume
a gene with 2 alleles: A and a
allele frequency is: A (0.8 = 80%) and a (0.2 = 20%)
chance of AA offspring = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64**
chance of aa offspring = 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.04**
chance of Aa offspring = (0.8 x 0.2) x 2 = 0.32 **
**
this would be expected genotype structure at
equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium)
Assume
a gene with 2 alleles: A and
a
frequency
of allele #1 (eg. A = 0.8) = p
frequency of allele #2 (eg. a = 0.2) = q
of resulting in AA = p x p = p2
chance of resulting in aa = q x q = q2
chance of resulting in Aa = 2 (p x q) = 2 p q
chance
p2
+ 2pq
allows
+ q2 = 1
us to calculate population structure
IV. Evolution is - a generation-to-generation change in
a population’s frequency of alleles and genotypes
change
in the Hardy-Weinberg frequency over time is a
sign that some alleles can result in a phenotype which
gives a “selective” advantage over other alleles
for
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be maintained:
large population size must exist
no gene flow from other populations can occur
no net mutations can occur
random mating must be happening
no natural selection can be occurring
V. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg can result from:
genetic
drift (population size)
gene flow
mutation results in new alleles
non-random mating (assortive mating, inbreeding)
natural selection (differential success of offspring)
VI. Natural selection is dependent upon variation alleles that give rise to a variety of phenotypes
most
phenotypes are the result of multiple genes
polymorphism - variation of a certain item for discussion
sources
of polymorphism:
genetic mutation - results in new and different alleles
recombination - results new combinations of alleles
VII. Fitness - the relative contribution of an individual
to the population gene pool
Think
gene,
about what is meant by the following:
allele, genotype, phenotype
species
population
natural selection
allele and genotype structure of a population
evolution