Transcript AP Exam Review Lectures

AP Exam Review Lectures
Biological Approach
4-11-06
Evolutionary Biology
• Suggests that behavior is a result of success
in Natural Selection
• Remember that in the game of Natural
Selection, only the fittest will survive and
reproduce offspring that will survive and
reproduce!
• Those best fit for the environment will
reproduce! Otherwise your genes will not
survive the gene pool.
Evolution as it relates to
psychology:
• Populations evolve, not individuals.
• People that have the opportunity to save
someone will save a young relative over a
close friend.
• Our behavior relates to perpetuating our
genes!
• We are successful if we reproduce fertile
offspring!
• Charles Darwin!
Neuro-Biology
• Explores the relationship between the
brain/nervous system and behavior
Voice in the field:
• Paul Broca found the ability to talk was located
in the left frontal lobe. He was one of the first to
show LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION! (The
brain is divided into parts that have specific
tasks like language or vision.)
Broca’s
area
Brain stuff you can impress your
friends with:
• Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe
helps you understand speech.
Wernicke’s area
Are you right brained or left brained?
• Left side of the brain is good at language,
math, analysis, and logic. Operates the right
side of the body…
• Right side of the brain is good at nonverbal
stuff like identifying faces, recognizing
facial expressions, music, and spacial skills.
Operates the left side of the body.
Lets review:
Left frontal lobe?
Talkin’ the talk! The ability to speak…
Left temperal lobe?
Understandin’ the talk! The ability
comprehend the speak…
Left side of the brain?
Math, logic, language, analysis…
Right side of the brain?
Music, spacial skills, ID of face and
expressions…
Other Bio biggies
• Wilder Penfield: took electronic probes and mapped
the cortex of the brain (the big thing we usually think
of as the brain.) He did this so that he could treat
epilepsy by destroying the parts of the brain that were
causing the seizures… He didn’t want to destroy good
tissue, so he would stimulate a section to see what it
was used for.
• Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga: split brain
people (again with the localization of function!)
Lobes of the brain
• Occipital lobe: in the back of the brain and it is
the vision center
• Frontal lobe: The front of the brain. This is
what makes you you. This is where you
interpret and control emotions, make decisions
and carry out plans. In the back of the frontal
lobe, you work the voluntary muscles.
• Parietal lobe: behind the frontal lobe.
Somatosensory (senses are here)
• Temporal lobe: ear and below. Hearing
processes. Music/tone,
Vision? Original Thought? Talking?
Hearing/Understanding? Feeling with
your fingers?
Vision = occipital lobe Original thought = frontal lobe
Talking =
frontal lobe
Hearing =
temporal
lobe
Touch of
fingers =
parietal
lobe
Lookin’ at the brain
• PET scans and MRI scans can look at the
brain while the brain is working! (MRI has
more resolution, however.)
• CAT scans are x-rays of the brain.
• EEG’s measure brain wavelengths or the
brain’s electrical activity.
What kind of scan?
PET Scan
fMRI scan of a person and a face
Looking at
a face
Asked to think
about the face
(hippocampus
–memory
thing lights
up!)
Asked to compare a new face to the face shown previously.
Flexing the
hand either
rhythmically or
rhythmically to
a metronome
and going back
and
forth…What
kind of scan?
What kind of image is this?
Red is ‘high’ activity, blue is ‘low’
activity. Numbers 1 and 2 are normal
children, 3 and 4 have been diagnosed
with ADD
Nervous System
Divided into:
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Chord
Peripheral Nervous System
Nervous System