Transcript Biology: The Study of Life

Biology: The Study of Life
C1- pp 2-31
C1 Table of Contents
Section 1.1 What is biology?
Slides 3-15
Section 1.2 The World of Biology
Slides 16-24
Section 1.3 The Methods of Biology
Slides 25-34
What is biology?
Study of living
things
Everything from
bacterial cell,
mold, amoeba,
mushrooms, plants
& humans
Unified by 6 major
themes:
Theme 1
Cell Structure and
Function
Basic structure of life
All organisms are
made of cells & come
from other cells
Differentiation
process in which cells
become specialized
during development
Theme 2
Stability &
Homeostasis
All living things
must maintain
internal
conditions that
maintain life.
Theme 3
Reproduction &
Inheritance
All organisms
reproduce or
produce new
offspring
Theme 3
DNA- hereditary info
in a large molecule
called
deoxyribonucleic acid
Gene segment of DNA
that contains coding
for a protein, unit of
hereditary information
Theme 3
Sexual Reproduction
combines genetic
material from two
parents
Asexual
Reproduction requires
only one individual &
does not involve
union of gametes
(sex cells)
Theme 4
Evolution populations of organisms
evolve or change over time driven by a
process called natural selection
Theme 4
Evolution all the changes that have
formed life on Earth from its earliest
beginnings to today’s diversity
Theme 4
Natural Selection
Process by which
organisms with
favorable
variations
reproduce at
higher rates than
those without such
variations
Theme 5
Interdependence
of Organisms
All organisms
interact with others
Ecology study of
relationship btwn
organisms & their
environment
Theme 5
Biotic &
Abiotic
components
of an
environment
or living &
nonliving
Theme 6
Matter, Energy &
Organization
Homeostasis is
maintained by
constant source of
energy.
Ultimate source is
the sun. All life
depends on
autotrophs doing
photosynthesis
Theme 6
Photosynthesis
conversion of light
into chemical energy
(glucose)
Autotrophs org uses
energy to make
organic molecules
from inorganic
substances
Heterotrophs eat
other organisms
1.2 The World of Biology
6 Characteristics
of Life
No matter how
diverse organisms
are, all share
certain
characteristics:
1.2 The World of Biology
6 Characteristics of
Life
All living things are:
made of cells;
Highly organized;
Use energy;
Maintain homeostasis;
Grow & develop;
Reproduce
Characteristic 1
Cells are basic unit of structure & function
Characteristic 2
Highly organized at molecular (DNA &
proteins) and cellular levels (structures for
specific functions)
Characteristic 3
All living things use
energy to maintain
organization,
homeostasis, grow,
develop,
reproduce…
Metabolism sum
of all chemical
processes in living
things
Characteristic 4
Homeostasis
Single cells must
maintain conditions
necessary to stay
alive
Multicellular
organisms use
organ systems to
help maintain
homeostasis
Characteristic 5
Growth &
development
Living things grow
by cell division
Development is
process in which
new cells enlarge &
change until they
reach maturity
Characteristic 6
Reproduce
essential for the
continuation of the
species but not for
the individual
organism
This is the only one
not essential to the
individual.
The World of Biology
Not all organisms have been identified &
studied. Some are so small that they
escape detection while others are in places
so remote they can’t be explored.
1.3 Methods of Biology
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Collect data
Analyze results
Draw conclusions
Report results
Observation
Observe
surroundings
Ask questions
about problems
Research available
info to make an
educated
hypothesis
Hypothesizing
Possible explanation for
problem based on
research
In form of statement
Can be tested
May be proven wrong
but cannot be proven
true beyond all doubt
Statement must include
variable being tested &
expected outcome
Example Hypothesis
The lower the pH
of the water used
to water the
plants, the less
growth will occur.
If, then statement
Experimenting
Most experiments are
controlled by
comparing control
group with
experimental grp
Test one variable at a
time
Run many samples
Collect either
quantitative or
qualitative data
2 parts to controlled experiment
1) Exp group has all conditions kept
the same as control but includes the
independent variable being tested
2) Control group all conditions kept
the same but does not include
independent variable (being tested)
Dependent variable being
measured or observed
Steps 4 & 5
Collect data
Analyze results
Draw Conclusions
Summary of lab in paragraph form
Relate back to hypothesis
Analyze data in graphs
Ask yourself: “Was the hypothesis
supported or not?”
If not, reformulate hypothesis & test
again
Report Results
Verify your results, then publish
Other scientists use your work as a
springboard for other problems
Theory
An explanation of a
natural
phenomenon that
is supported by a
large body of
scientific
evidence…
continually being
verified.