Transcript 2 new species

Evolution Part 1
1. Who is the naturalist credited
for the evolution theory?
Charles Darwin
2. What is the definition for
evolution?
• Species change over time
3. What are the two animals that
Darwin studied on the Galapagos
Islands and what characteristics did
he study?
• Tortoises-different shell shapes to
reach food
• -Finches-distinct beak shapes for
different food
4. What is the idea that each living
species has descended from older
species called?
• Descent with modification
5. Darwin's theory of evolution was
based on _____ ______which
states that useful variations for their
environment survive & reproduce
successfully resulting in evolution
of a species.
• Natural Selection
6 Phenotypes, physical traits, that
are favorable and passed onto
offspring is associated with what
memorable phrase?
• Survival of the Fittest!
7. How can lethal alleles be
passed on through generations?
• It can be hidden by the dominant
alleles/traits in carriers
8. What does natural selection act
upon?
• The phenotype
9. What determines which variation
is considered useful and passed
on?
• The environment/nature
10. What are characteristics called
that make individuals different
within the same species?
• Variations
11. Does larger or smaller
variations in a species increase the
chance of a species survival?
Why?
• Increase
• They will be able to survive a larger
variety of environmental situations
12. Are mutations good, bad,
and/or neither?
• All of the above
13. What is a variation called that
helps an organism survive in its
environment?
• Adaptations
14. How are adaptations chosen
and who/what chooses them?
• The adaptations that help the organism
survive in the environment
15. What can happen to a species
without the right adaptations?
• It can become extinct or endangered
16. What is it called when an
organism blends into the
surrounding? Give an example.
• Camouflage- chameleon/walking
stick/leaf frog
17. What is it called a species
resembles a harmful species in
physical appearance or behavior?
Give an example.
• Mimicry-hornet and bee
18. What are the four main causes
of evolution?
•
•
•
•
-Natural Selection
-Migration
-Genetic Drift
-Mutation
19. What is the most common
cause of offspring variation from
sexual reproduction and gamete
formation?
• Gene shuffling
20. What is a random change in
DNA that can cause evolution? List
the 2 main types and define them.
• Mutation
• -Frameshift/Point Mutations
21.What is migration also known
as?
• Gene flow
22.Genetic drift is a _____change
in allele frequency
• random
23.Genetic drift affects ___ and
______ type of populations most.
• Small
• isolated
24.What is a change in allele
frequency due to the migration of
small subgroups starting new
populations?
• Founder effect
25.Does the founder effect cause
identical populations to the ones
they migrated from?
• No-it depends on the founding alleles
26.Nonrandom mating means that
mates are chosen by how __ they
are, which leads to a ______
• Fit
• Better
27.What cause acts on the
phenotype?
• Natural Selection
28.What is it called when there is
no change in a population over
many generations? Does it occur
often?
• Genetic equilibrium-it is very rare
29.What is the principle that allele
frequency will remain the same
unless 1 or more factors change.
• Hardy-Weinberg
30.To achieve genetic equilibrium:
•
•
•
•
•
No-mutations occur
No-gene flow/migration in or out
No-natural selection
Yes-individuals mate randomly
Yes-large gene pool
31.What is all of the alleles in a
population called?
• Gene pool
32What does stabilizing selection
favor? Draw a diagram.
• Favors the average individuals
33.What does stabilizing selection
reduce?
• Reduces variations
34.What does directional selection
favor? Draw a diagram.
• One extreme
35.Directional selection can lead to
what?
• Rapid evolution of a new species
36.What does disruptive selection
favor? Draw a diagram.
• BOTH extremes of the species
37.Disruptive selection can lead to
what
• 2 new species?
38.What are the 5 main types of
proof used for evolution?
• -Fossil Records (accumulation of fossil
information)
• -Homologous structures
• -Vestigial structures
• -Embryonic structures
• -DNA similarities
39.What shows the accumulation of
information that shows the pattern
of change amongst past living
things?
• Fossil record
40.What are remains of earlier life
called?
• Fossils
41.What type of rock are most
fossils in?
• Sedimentary
42.What are the 5 main types of
fossils?
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•
•
•
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-Casts
-Molds
-Amber
-Imprints
-Petrified
43.What are the 3 main things that
fossil records can prove? Briefly
describe each
• Biological diversity-kinds of organisms
• -Episodic speciation-when a new
species appears
• -Mass extinction-when there is a
sudden disappearance of an organism
44.What are the 2 main types of
fossil dating? Briefly describe
each.
• -Radioactive dating-measuring the
amount of radioactive element (Carbon
14 usually) left in the fossil
• -Relative Dating-Comparing fossils
against other fossils from the same
layer of Earth
45.How do you figure the half life?
• By measuring time it takes for ½ the
radioactive element to decay
46What type of evidence shows similar
patterns of an organisms' parts (though
may have different functions) indicating
that they have recent common
ancestors. Give an example
• Homologous structures-ex. Bird’s wing
to human arm to penguin forelimb, to
alligator arm to whale fin
47.What type of evidence is that an
organism has a part that has no
current function, but was functional
to their ancestors? Give an
example.
• Vestigial structures-appendix, pelvic
bones in whales, wings for ostriches
48.What type of evidence shows
similarities of the earliest stages of
life? Give an example.
• Embryology-mammals, birds, and
reptiles all have tails and gill slits as
embryos
49.What type of evidence shows a
close relationship in the cells
codes? Give an example.
• DNA-chimpanzees are 98%
chromosomally similar to humans
50.What type of evolution starts as
2 unrelated species that become
similar usually because of
environment? Give an example
• Convergent evolution-sharks(fish),
penguins(birds), & dolphins(mammals)
are similar because they all adapt to
the same habitat
51.What type of evolution starts as
2 species that evolve in response
to each other? Give an example.
• Coevolutionpoisonous plants
and insects that
become poison
resistant
52.What type of evolution starts with 1
species that becomes different and
creates 2 species, usually due to
differing habitats? Give an example
• Divergent
Evolutionpenguins,
ostriches, and
hummingbird all
adapted & became
different species
53.What type of evolution starts
with 1 species and evolve into
many species? Give an example
• Adaptive radiation (Descent with
Modification)-Finches evolved into
many different species