Transcript Evolution 2011-2012

 All cells are living
 All cells come from
other cells
 All cells are made
from 1 or more cells
 Cells are the basic
unit of structure and
organization of
organisms
Yeah-but where
did cells come
from to begin
with?
In earlier times
people thought
that live
spontaneously
generated. How
was this
disproven?
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2
 Summarize both
experiments in
your own words
 Analyze what
their
experiments
meant to the
time period they
performed them
3
 Found they could
create a organic
compounds by
simulating Earths
early atmosphere.
 What are organic
compounds?
 How does this apply
to the theory of
evolution or the
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 Sidney Fox 1992
 Created protocell or
protobiont
 Large, ordered structure,
enclosed by a membranes
that carries out growth
and division
Primordial Soup  AA
Protobionts
5
 What
experiments
have you
looked at and
what do they
support?
How?
 How does this
relate to
evolution. Give
2 specific
justifications.
6
RNA in the Past
 Self Replication
 Catalyze
reactions
 Protein took over
catalyzing
reactions and
building cells and
RNA is now used
to build proteins
DNA
 More stable
than RNA
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 Eukaryotes
evolved from
prokaryotes
 Mitochondria and
chloroplasts
 Ribosomes
 DNA
 Reproduce
independently
of cell
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 Can you tell a chicken from a fish? A human from a
turtle?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/beta/evolution/guess
-embryo.html
 Sure you can…complete “Timing is everything” activity
 When you are done get your INB ready for cornell
notes on the History of Evolutionary Thought.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2317_odyul
tim.html#answer
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 Evolution is a gradual
change in the
characteristics of a
species over time. The
structures, behaviors,
interactions, and
internal processes
observed in the millions
of species on this planet
are the result of the
process of evolution.
 Charles Darwin stated
that evolution by
natural selection
explained how
populations of organisms
evolve.
1. Embryology
2. DNA sequences
3. Fossils
4. Anatomical structures
5. Biogeography
 Similarity in embryo development shows a close
relationship (vertebrate embryos all have tail & gill
slits)
Sure you
can…complete
“Timing is
everything” activity
2. DNA
by comparing the DNA sequences of two organisms
or the amino acid sequences made from the DNA,
scientists can learn which organisms are related;
the more DNA two organisms have in common,
the more closely related they are
 An inherited trait that increases the
population’s chances of survival and
reproduction is an adaptation
•homologous structures:
structure with different functions
found in different species and
thought to be inherited from common
ancestors
ex: whales, cats and birds all have the same # and
type of bones in the forelimbs but their functions
are different
•analogous structures:
have the different structures but
the same function & do not show a
close relationship
Come up with your own examples
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 In undisturbed layers
of sedimentary rock,
the deeper it is, the
older it is.
 Give us information
about extinct species.
Only a picture in
time-incomplete

 Incomplete
 Not everything that
lived is preserved
 Punctuated equilibrium
 Sequential
 Ability to find
evolutionary trends
throughout the times
 Speciation (an event
where a new species is
created)
 Stasis
 Stabilizing Selection
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 Convergent
 Divergent Evolution
 Distantly related
 Species that were once
organisms develop same
traits because of
environmental
pressures
 Analogous
similar to a common
ancestor become
increasingly distinct
(finches)
 Homologous
 Bird, moth, bat
 Arm, wing, flipper
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Catastrophism  Uniformatiarianism
Lamarck  Darwin
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 Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
 Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be
Passed To Offspring
What happened
in 30-50 MY’s?
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:
• Charles Lyell - proposed earth
formed MYA not thousands of
years ago
• Thomas Malthus – struggle for
existence through available
resources
32
:
• John Baptiste Lamarck 1700’s – Inheritance of
acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and
Disuse
• Alfred Russel Wallace – came to the same
conclusions as Darwin
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 Hardy-Weinberg – researched changes in allelic
frequencies. For example, what might happen in a
population of mice, if their ability to run quickly
and escape predation was due to a single genetic
trait?
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 1st to group similar
organisms and assign
them Latin names
(Taxonomy)
 Binomial
Nomenclature (Genus
species)
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Charles Darwin
 Wrote On the Origin of
Species by Means of
Natural Selection AKA
The Origin
 Fossil Record
 Taxonomy
 Comparative Anatomy
 Comparative Embryology
 Biogeography
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Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836
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 Small Group of Islands 1000 km West of South
America
 Very Different Climates
 Animals On Islands Unique
 Tortoises
 Iguanas
 Finches
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What differences
do you see in the
Galapagos Islands
Tortoises?
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 Finches resembled a mainland finch
 More types of finches appeared where the available
food was different (seeds, nuts, berries, insects…)
 Finches had different types of beaks adapted to type of
food gathering…ex of:Speciation
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How did the finch speciation occur?
What environmental, genetic,
physical changes took place?
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 What a Beak Activity
 Easter Island Activity
(UTDanaCtr) can be used
to elaborate on speciation/
natural selection
 Peppered Moth Activity
(UTDanaCtr) can be used
to elaborate natural
selection due to
environmental changes.
(UTDanaCtr) can be
used for natural selection
due to human impact
 Natural Selection lab can
be used
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The pressures that act as an agent of change in populations or
maintain a status quo
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 Fit
 Ability to survive
 Multitude of variables
 Those that survive go on
to…..___________
 Natural selection
Acts on variations
What is a variation?
It is….____________
 If the variation helps the
organisms to survive it
will _______________
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Write what you see in your
notes.
What are the letters?
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 Producing changes in populations not individuals!
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 Write a description in
your notebook for B, C,
D
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 Volcanism
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 Rate of mutation
 Pesticide Resistance
 Depends on how
 Antibiotic Resistance
advantageous
mutation/variation is
 Speed up evolution
52
 How many young are
born and successfully
live:
 Inherited Variation
 k & r selected species
 Finite supply of
resources
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 List how these organisms
evolved to geography:
 Cactus
 Polar Bear
 Crocodile
 Fish
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 What does ‘geo’ mean?
 Diversification through
geologic changes
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 Mating Rituals (include
Non-random mating)
 Runaway Selection
 Courtship
 Territory
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 Bottleneck Effect
 Founders Effect
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 Sympatric Speciation
 Speciation without
geographic barrier
 Polyploidy
 Allopatric Speciation
 Species separated
geographically
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