Transcript 174-16-Winter_1_5_Ja.. - Department of Biology

"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology"
(BIOL 174) Winter 2016
These introductory slides are posted on
iLearn (Blackboard), as is a course syllabus
with grading information.
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"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology"
(BIOL 174) Winter 2016
Professor:
Dr. Theodore Garland, Jr.
Department of Biology
Office:
2366 Spieth Hall
Phone 827-3524 - better for
long questions
[email protected]
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Today you will be taking a precourse survey.
You will get full credit for answering
a question, regardless of your
answer.
This pre-survey is worth about 9% of
your total grade (see online
syllabus).
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Why: We are interested in seeing
how well this course meets our goal
of introducing concepts of
ecological and evolutionary
physiology to you.
How: Everyone will complete
surveys at the beginning of the
course and end of the course.
We may also look at some of the
questions on the exams.
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You will have 1 minute for each
question.
Record your answers on your
scantron with a #2 pencil.
Make sure to write your name, SID
number, and mark version A.
ANY QUESTIONS?
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1. The dipper bird has been
discussed as an example of
morphology evolving faster than
behavior.
A. True
B. False
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2. A p-value of less than 0.05 is
generally agreed to indicate
"statistically significant" results..
A. True
B. False
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3. The "ultimate cause" can offer an
explanation of the neurobiological
mechanism of how an organism
executes a behavior.
A. True
B. False
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4. Physiological ecologists, such as
George Bartholomew, believe that
organisms are often perfectly
adapted to their environments.
A. True
B. False
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5. "Regression" lines can use
ordinary least-squares, reduced
major axes, or major axis types.
A. True
B. False
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6. Above the thermal neutral zone,
endotherms typically reduce their
metabolic rate to help lower body
temperature.
A. True
B. False
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7. Which of the following is not an
example of evolutionary “trade-offs”
A. Colorful petals on flowers attract
honeybees and butterflies
B. Peacocks with longer tails are more
attractive to females, but are easier
prey
C. Birds with longer wings have less
maneuverability, but reduced energy
costs of flying
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8. In principle, we could use physiological
information to reconstruct phylogenetic
relationships of organisms, just like we use
morphological information or DNA
sequences. In practice, this has rarely been
done because physiology:
A. is not heritable
B. cannot be measured on museum
specimens
C. is not influenced by environment
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9. Potential “costs” of
thermoregulation include:
A. Time and energy spent when the
animal thermoregulates
B. Reduction in performance at low
body temperatures
C. Decreased exposure to predators
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10. “The study of how (and why)
traits (or phenotypes) of organisms
change in relation to changes in body
size (mass),” is the definition of
which of the following:
A. Epigenetics
B. Allometry
C. Evolutionary Physiology
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11. Which of the following is an
example of a regional heterotherm?
A. Legs of a seagull standing on ice
B. Reindeer face
C. Reindeer legs
D. Two of the above
E. All of the above
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12. What happens to an organism
running at its maximal aerobic
speed?
A. They are consuming as much
oxygen as they can
B. They are exercising as much as
possible
C. Neither of the above
D. All of the above
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13. Heritability is higher for
morphological traits and lower for life
history traits.
A. True
B. False
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14. Studying the relationship between
lizard hind limb length and their
home range size in the wild measures
the relationship between morphology
and performance.
A. True
B. False
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15. Among species of rodents,
maximal and basal metabolic rates
are negatively correlated after
controlling statistically for
correlations with body mass.
A. True
B. False
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16. Natural selection and/or sexual
selection often act most directly on
behavior, which is constrained by
performance abilities.
A. True
B. False
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17. One objection to the study of
individual variation is that there could
be extreme data points due to
procedural error as opposed to actual
biological differences.
A. True
B. False
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18. The predicted Ecological Cost of
Transport (% of Daily Energy
Expenditure) is higher in mammals
than in lizards.
A. True
B. False
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19. A genetic correlation can be
estimated by examining the relation
between one trait as expressed in a
set of offspring and another trait in
their parents.
A. True
B. False
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20. Quantitative genetics shows how
the total phenotypic variance for a
given trait in a given population can be
partitioned into several components,
including:
A. Additive genetic variance
B. Dominance genetic variance
C. Epistatic variance
D. Environmental variance
E. More than two of the above
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21. A key innovation:
A. Allows for a new way of life
B. May be important for adaptive
radiation
C. An example of which is endothermy
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
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22. Ecomorphological hypotheses imply
that:
A. Animals usually adapt to microhabitats in
very different and unrelatable ways
B. The natural selection of morphological
traits can be established without relating
them to performance
C. Differences in morphology translate into
differences in performance capacity
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
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23. An Australian researcher conducted an experiment
involving the size of the pouch in kangaroos. The study
was conducted in nature. Animals were captured and
measured, and, each year, only the females with large
pouches were allowed to reproduce. After 10 years of this
procedure, to her surprise, no change in phenotype was
observed as compared with the condition when the
experiment started. Possible explanation(s) for this could
be:
A. Opposing selection that favors small pouch size
B. Lack of heritability of pouch size
C. Unexpectedly high levels of migration from outside
the study area
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
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24. Behavior is sometimes called the
“evolutionary pacemaker” because:
A. Behaviors are usually the first phenotypes to
show evolutionary change in response to
selection
B. Behaviors change at the same time as other
phenotypes, but the others aren’t as obvious
C. Behavior is fairly rigid and so is easy to
make measurements when studying
evolutionary change
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
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25. In the following equation r = h2*S,
what does S stand for?
A. Selection coefficient
B. Directional selection differential
C. Narrow-sense heritability
D. Broad-sense heritability
E. Additive-genetic variance
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26. As an indicator of repeatability,
which value of a Pearson productmoment correlation would best indicate
low repeatability?
A. 0.9
B. 0.7
C. 0.5
D. 0.3
E. 0.1
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27. Selection experiments are the most
direct and convincing test of whether a
trait shows any additive genetic
variance (narrow-sense heritability) in
the population.
A. True
B. False
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28. The Krogh principle approach asks
what questions can be studied from an
organism, instead of what organism is
best suited to study a specific question.
A. True
B. False
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29. Stabilizing or disruptive selection
can be detected by including the
quadratic terms for traits in a multiple
regression of Darwinian fitness (or
components thereof) on measured
phenotypic traits.
A. True
B. False
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30. Planned field-introduction
experiments show that evolution in
introduced populations can be rapid.
A. True
B. False
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31. Acclimation and acclimatization are
both types of phenotypic plasticity, but
they differ in that acclimation refers
specifically to wild animals responding
to field conditions and not in the lab.
A. True
B. False
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32. For most traits, sexual selection
acts in the same direction as natural
selection most of the time.
A. True
B. False
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33. For human beings, you might
generally expect the heritability of
morphological traits, such as body
height, to be higher than for behavioral
traits, such as preferences for
particular foods.
A. True
B. False
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34. Phenotypic plasticity can be an
adaptive strategy to cope with variable
environments, and is a common
phenomenon for many traits in almost
all organisms.
A. True
B. False
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35. Limits in selection experiments may
be related to:
A. Exhaustion of additive genetic
variance
B. Counterpoising natural selection
C. “Maxing out" of physiological
abilities
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
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36. Complex traits are:
A. Generally at relatively high levels of
biological organization.
B. Comprised of many subordinate traits.
C. Affected by many genes and
environmental factors.
D. Often capable of exhibiting emergent
properties.
E. More than two of the above
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37. The strength of selection should
decrease in the following order (choose the
best answer).
A. Tissues > Performance > DNA
B. Proteins > DNA > Organs Systems
C. Organismal performance > Behavior >
Fitness
D. Behavior > Organismal Performance >
Proteins
E. DNA > Proteins > Organelles
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38. Which of the following is NOT a reason
that organisms are generally suboptimal?
A. Behavior evolves too rapidly
B. Genetic drift occurs in all populations
C. Sexual selection enhances natural
selection
D. Biological materials have limitations
E. Environments change too rapidly
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39. What is the minimum number of
species needed to perform a
phylogenetic comparison?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
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40. Which of the following is a typical
consequence of ignoring species relatedness
when analyzing comparative data (e.g., data for
one or more traits for a series of species)?
A. The power to detect relationships will be
affected
B. Type I error rates will increase
C. Estimates of slopes, correlations, etc. may
be inaccurate
D. Two of the above
E. All of the above
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