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Warm Up Describe the Law of Superpostition. http://rapguidetoevolution.co.uk/i%e2%80%99m-a-african#comments • What do you think each of the following mean? o Fossil o Comparative anatomy o Comparative embryology o Comparative biochemistry o Geographic distribution o Fossil preserved remains or traces of animals,plants, and other organisms o Comparative anatomy Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different organisms o Comparative embryology Compares and contrasts embryos of different species o Comparative biochemistry structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems. o Geographic distribution Distribution of Plants and animals Evidence of Evolution • • • • • Fossil Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Comparative biochemistry Geographic distribution Evolution Evidence of Evolution Fossils Fossils provide a record of species that lived long ago. Fossils show that ancient species share similarities with species that now live on Earth. Glyptodont Armadillo Evolution Two classes of traits Derived traits newly evolved features Feathers do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors. Ancestral traits primitive features Teeth appear in ancestral forms. Comparative Anatomy Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures. • Analogous structures – same appearance, structure or function – evolved separately – do not share common ancestor. • Homologous structures – Similar structures – Share common ancestor Homologous or Analogous Evolution Evidence of Evolution Analogous structures Show that functionally similar features can evolve independently in similar environments Evolution Evidence of Evolution Vestigial Structures reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms. Evolutionary theory predicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost. Evolution Evidence of Evolution Vestigial Structures reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms. Evolutionary theory predicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost. Evolution Evidence of Evolution Vestigial Structures reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms. Evolutionary theory predicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost. Evolution Evidence of Evolution Comparative Embryology Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms. Evolution Comparative Biochemistry Many different organisms share metabolic molecules Common ancestry Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Comparisons of the similarities in these molecules across species support the evolutionary patterns seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil record. Organisms with closely related morphological features have more closely related molecular features. Geographic Distribution The distribution of plants and animals Evolution is intimately linked with climate and geological forces. Rabbit Mara Evolution Types of Adaptation Adaptation trait increases an organism’s reproductive success. California kingsnake Camouflage Western coral snake Mimicry Evolution Fitness is a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation. Traits with higher fitness become more common. 12 Fitness vs. Number of organisms Name the independent and dependent variables? # of organisms with trait dependent 10 variable 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fitness Independent variable 7 8 9 10 Chapter 15 Evolution Chapter Diagnostic Questions Identify the term that is used to describe anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor. A. ancestral traits B. analogous structures C. homologous structures D. vestigial structures Chapter 15 Evolution Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a vestigial structure? A. snake pelvis B. porpoise flipper C. human appendix Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Formative Questions Which is an example of a derived trait? A. a tail B. bones C. feathers D. teeth Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Formative Questions Which features are similar in use and evolve in similar environments, but do not evolve from a common ancestor? A. analogous structures B. embryological structures C. homologous structures D. vestigial structures Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Formative Questions True or False Organisms with similar anatomy share similar DNA sequences. Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Formative Questions At the heart of the theory of evolution by natural selection lies the concept of __________. A. adaptation B. biogeography C. gradualism D. speciation Chapter 15 Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Determine which morphological adaptation the monarch butterfly exhibits. A. camouflage B. mimicry C. embryological adaptation D. vestigial structure Chapter 15 Evolution Standardized Test Practice Which is the best explanation for the similarities in the construction of these forelimbs? A. Each forelimb is a similar modification derived from a different ancestor. B. Natural selection has produced similar modifications in the forelimb. Chapter 15 Evolution Standardized Test Practice Which is the best explanation for the similarities in the construction of these forelimbs? C. They are functionally similar features that have evolved independently. D. They are modifications of the forelimbs of a common ancestor. Closing Quiz Contrast ancestral and derived traits.