Transcript Slide 1

EVOLUTION &
SPECIATION
Mr.Nichols
PHHS
Organism of the Day!
• Emperor Penguin: Aptenodytes Forsteri
• Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Aptenodytes
Species: A. forsteri
Emperor Penguin Fun Facts
• The Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and
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heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.
The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 48
inches in height and weighing anywhere from 49 to 99 pounds.
The only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter,
it treks 31–75 mi over the ice to breeding colonies which may
include thousands of individuals. The female lays a single egg,
which is incubated by the male while the female returns to the
sea to feed; parents subsequently take turns foraging at sea and
caring for their chick in the colony. The lifespan is typically
20 years in the wild, although observations suggest that some
individuals may live to 50 years of age.
More Fun Facts
The Emperor Penguin breeds in the coldest environment of any
bird species; air temperatures may reach −40 °F, and wind
speeds may reach 89 mph. Water temperature is a
frigid 28.8 °F, which is much lower than the Emperor Penguin's
average body temperature of 102 °F. The species has adapted
in several ways to counteract heat loss. Feathers provide 80–
90% of its insulation, and it has a layer of sub dermal fat which
may be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick before breeding.
•While diving, the Emperor Penguin's oxygen use is markedly
reduced, as its heart rate is reduced to as low as 15-20 beats
per minute and non-essential organs are shut down, thus
facilitating longer dives.
Fun Facts Plus Pictures
• Emperor Penguins are serially monogamous. They have only
one mate each year, and stay faithful to that mate. However,
fidelity between years is only about 15%. After laying, the
mother's nutritional reserves are exhausted and she very
carefully transfers the egg to the male, before immediately
returning to the sea for two months to feed. The transfer of
the egg can be awkward and difficult, and many couples drop
the egg in the process. When this happens, the chick inside is
quickly lost, as the egg cannot withstand the freezing
temperatures on the icy ground.
Cute!
NEW VOCABULARY
• POPULATION – GROUP OF
INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES
THAT INTERBREED
• GENE POOL –ALL GENES PRESENT IN
A POPULATION
• NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS
BETTER ADAPTED TO THE
ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO
SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.
– A.K.A. “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
Gene Pool
Combined genetic
info. of all
members
Allele frequency is
# of times
alleles occur
Variation in Populations
2 processes can
lead to this:
Mutations change in DNA
sequence
Gene Shuffling –
from sexual
reproduction
Genetic Drift changes populations…….
• Random change in allele
frequency causes an allele to
become common
• Gene Flow:
genetic exchange
due to the
migration of fertile
individuals or
gametes between
populations
(reduces
differences
between
populations)
• Nonrandom mating: inbreeding and
assortive mating (both shift
frequencies of different genotypes)
Sexual selection
• Sexual
dimorphism:
Gender
phenotypic
differences in a
species.
• Sexual selection:
selection towards
sex characteristics
that leads to
sexual
dimorphism
• Founder Effect:
a cause of genetic
drift attributable to
colonization by a
limited number of
individuals from a
parent population
QUIZ TIME!!!!
• 1.) What is evolution and how does it explain
natural selection?
• 2.) How can gene flow give a population an
overall greater fitness?
• 3.) Why do small populations evolve faster?
Provide an allele example.
• 4.) Why are hybrids not considered their own
species?
• 5.) How does unnatural selection lead to
declines in genetic diversity? Why is that bad?
• Natural Selection:
differential
success in
reproduction.
How natural selection works
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
How natural selection works
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
How natural selection works
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant
0.04 resistant
mutation!
How natural selection works
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant
0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant
0.24 resistant
How natural selection works
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant
0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant
0.24 resistant
Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant
0.88 resistant
SPECIATION
• THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES
• AS NEW SPECIES EVOLVE,
POPULATIONS BECOME
REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED
• REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION –
MEMBERS OF 2 POPULATIONS
CANNOT INTERBREED & PRODUCE
FERTILE OFFSPRING.
3 ISOLATING MECHANISMS……..
• BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION- CAPABLE OF
BREEDING BUT HAVE DIFFERENCES IN
COURTSHIP RITUALS (EX.
MEADOWLARKS)
• GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION –
SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS
LIKE RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, OR BODIES
OF WATER (EX. SQUIRREL)
• TEMPORAL ISOLATION – 2 OR MORE
SPECIES REPRODUCE AT DIFFERENT
TIMES.
Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
• Shifts to
middle range
• Shifts to
2 extremes
• Shifts to
1 extreme
Table 23.1a
Tigon
Result of male tiger
and female lion
mating incaptivity.
Offspring are infertile.
Separated both
geographically and
ecologically.
Liger
Result of male lion and female
tiger mating in captivity.
Offspring are infertile.
Table 23.1b
Fig. 23.6
Four species of leopard frogs: differ in their
mating calls. Hybrids are inviable.
These squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand
Canyon. This is an example of allopatric speciation.
Hawaiian Honeycreepers
An example of adaptive radiation –
these species all diverged from a
common ancestor (founder species)
FOUNDER SPECIES
Evidence of Evolution
1. Fossil Record
2. Geographic Distribution of Living
Species
3. Homologous Body structures
4. Similarities in Embryology
Evidence of
Evolution
Fossil Record
provides
evidence that
living things have
evolved
Fossils show the
history of life on
earth and how
different groups
of organisms
have changed
over time
Cartoon of the Day!
Organism of the Day 1
North American Destroying Angel: Amanita bisporigera
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species: Amanita bisporigera
‘Fun’gi Facts…..lol
• It is commonly known as the North American destroying angel
or the destroying angel. Amanita bisporigera is considered the
most toxic North American Amanita mushroom, with little
variation in toxin content between different fruit bodies.
• This causes cellular necrosis, especially in cells which are
initially exposed and have rapid rates of protein synthesis.
This process results in severe acute liver dysfunction and,
ultimately, liver failure. Amatoxins are not broken down by
boiling, freezing, or drying.
More ‘Fun’gi Facts
• The first reported poisonings resulting in death from the
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consumption of A. bisporigera were from near San Antonio,
Mexico in 1957, where a rancher, his wife, and three children
consumed the fungus; only the man survived.
Amanita poisoning is characterized by the following distinct
stages: The incubation stage is an asymptomatic period which
ranges from 6 to 12 hours after ingestion. In the
gastrointestinal stage, about 6 to 16 hours after ingestion, there
is onset of abdominal pain, explosive vomiting, and diarrhea for
up to 24 hours, which may lead to dehydration, severe
electrolyte imbalances, and shock. In the cytotoxic stage, 24 to
48 hours after ingestion, clinical and biochemical signs of liver
damage are observed, but the patient is typically free of
gastrointestinal symptoms. The signs of liver dysfunction such
as jaundice, hypoglycemia, acidosis, and hemorrhage appear.
Fungi and Pictures
• Like most other Amanita
species, A. bisporigera is
thought to form mycorrhizal
relationships with trees.
This is a mutually beneficial
relationship where the
hyphae of the fungus grow
around the roots of trees,
enabling the fungus to
receive moisture, protection
and nutritive byproducts of
the tree, and giving the tree
greater access to soil
nutrients
Bunny Ears!
Cartoon of the Day!
Cartoon of the Day 2
Skyrim ‘Lolness’
More T-shirts
Favorite (Ordered)
Organism of the Day!
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Yeti Crab: Kiwa hirsuta
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Infraorder: Anomura
Family:
Kiwaidae
Genus:
Kiwa
• Species:
K. hirsuta
Yeti Crab Fun Facts
• The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, and is
thought to be blind. The "hairy" pincers contain filamentous
bacteria, which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals
from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives.
Alternatively, it may feed on bacteria, although it is generally
thought to be a carnivore.
• Kiwa hirsuta is a squat lobster, more closely related to crabs and
hermit crabs than true lobsters.
• Most of the crabs were living at depths of about 2,200 meters
(7,200 feet) on recent lava flows and areas where warm water was
seeping out of the sea floor.
• Discovered in March 2005.
Cartoons of the
Day!
Organism of the Day
• Red Panda: Ailurus fulgens
• Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ailuridae
Genus: Ailurus
Species: A. fulgens
Panda Facts
• The red panda (Ailurus fulgens, or shining-cat), is a small
arboreal mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and
southwestern China. Slightly larger than a domestic cat, it has
reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait
due to its shorter front legs.
• It feeds mainly on bamboo, but is omnivorous and may also
eat eggs, birds, insects, and small mammals. It is a solitary
animal, mainly active from dusk to dawn, and is largely
sedentary during the day.
‘Panda’monium
• The red panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with
strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws
standing inward for grasping of narrow tree branches,
leaves and fruit.
• Like the giant panda, it has a “false thumb” that is an
extension of the wrist bone. When descending a tree
headfirst, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its
descent, one of the few climbing species to do so.
It’s a ‘Panda’ meic
• Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur like a cat, licking their
front paws and then rubbing their back, stomach and sides. They also
rub their back and belly along the sides of trees or rocks. Then they
patrol their territory, marking it with urine and a weak musk-smelling
secretion from their anal gland. They search for food running along the
ground or through the trees. Red pandas may alternately either use their
forepaw to bring food to their mouth or place food directly into the
mouth. Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age,
and are fully mature at 2–3 years. Adults rarely interact in the wild
except to mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during
the mating season from mid-January to early March.
• The average lifespan is 8–10 years, but individuals have been known to
reach 15 years.
Cuteness Overload
More CUTE!
Cartoon of the Day!
Cartoon of the Day!
Cartoon of the Day!
Organism of Day!
• Cheetah: Acinonyx jubatus
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Kingdom :Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Acinonyx
Species: A. jubatus
Cheetah Fun Facts
• The cheetah is the only extant member of the genus Acinoyx,
most notable for modifications in the species' paws. As such,
it is the only felid with non-retractable claws and pads that
disallow gripping (therefore cheetahs cannot climb vertical
trees, although they are generally capable of reaching easily
accessible branches).
• The cheetah, however, achieves by far the fastest land speed
of any living animal—between 70 and 75 mph in short bursts
covering distances up to 1,600 ft, and has the ability to
accelerate from 0 to over 62 mph in three seconds.
Cheetah Fun Facts 2
• The cheetah has unusually low genetic variability. This is
accompanied by a very low sperm count and deformed flagella.
• The king cheetah is a rare mutation of cheetah characterized
by a distinct fur pattern. Twenty-two such skins were found
between 1926 and 1974. Since 1927, the king cheetah was
reported five more times in the wild. Other rare color morphs
of the species include speckles, melanism, albinism and gray
coloration.
• Females give birth to up to nine cubs after a gestation period
of ninety to ninety-eight days, although the average litter size
is three to five. Life span is up to twelve years in the wild, but
up to twenty years in captivity
CUTE!!!