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1
Origin of Species:
A critical analysis of Darwin’s
basic theory.
2
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle
for Life
1. Variation occurs randomly.
2. Competition determines which variation survive to
reproduce and which does not.
3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next
round of variations, until a new, more advanced
species emerges.
Environmental
barriers
3
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle
for Life
1. Variation occurs randomly.
2. Competition determines which variation survive to
reproduce and which does not.
3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next
round of variations, until a new, more advanced
species emerges.
Environmental
barriers
4
“Variation” can be of two types:
Mutation occurs when something new is produced—
different gene from what was there before. It requires
a permanent change in the DNA pool.
Adaptation occurs when something already present
simply changes proportion—same genes that were
there before. It requires only an increase or decrease
within an existing pool of DNA..
5
Mutations are accidents. The more complex a DNA message
is, the less likely it is that an accident will be an improvement.
The cattle roundup is under way at the Okay Corral.
hat
cattle
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y6 z
Mutations Among Humans
Achromatopsi
Acoustic neuroma
Adenosice deaminase deficiency
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Aicardi syndrome
Thousands of distinct diseases have been
ascribed to mutations that result in
deficiencies of critical enzymes.
Albinism
Albright’s syndrome
Alkaptonuria
Alpers syndrome
Antitrypins deficiency
Alpha-mannosidosis
Alport syndrome
Alzheimer’s disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
All known mutations, in humans and
otherwise, are the result of something
that once worked either no longer
working (such as blindness) or
working in the wrong place (such as
extra fingers or toes).
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Anencephely
Hereditary angioedema (HAE)
Hereditary ataxias
No mutations of new information,
useful or otherwise, have ever been
verified in any organism.
7
“Species” is not clearly defined.
Coyote
(Canis latrans)
Dog (Canis familiaris)
Gray wolf
(Canis lupus)
Black-backed jackal
(Canis mesomelas)
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“Selection” is not exactly what happens.
Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.
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“Selection” is not exactly what happens.
Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.
Natural selection?
Improves the species?
Natural elimination.
Preserves the species.
Natural elimination: Harmful traits are eliminated, while viable traits survive.
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Artificial selection: Only a few selected traits are allowed to survive.
Weimaraner
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Eyes
Green
Brown
Blue
Yellow
Yellow
Hair
Weimaraner
Blond
Black
Gray
Brown
Red
Gray
Selective breeding
creates nothing. It
merely eliminates
options until variation
can no longer occur.
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South
America
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South
America
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LL
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle
for Life
1. Variation occurs randomly.--Both mutation & adaptation
2. Competition determines which variation
survives
to to
adaptations
survive
reproduce and which does not.
reproducingis variation
is the basis
of a new
3. A
Competition
how mutations
are purged.
species.
19
The Origin
of Species by
of Natural Selection
The Preservation
of Means
Kinds by
and
thePreservation
PreservationofofFavored
Healthy Races
Stock in the Struggle
or the
for Life
1. Variation occurs randomly.--Both mutation & adaptation
2. Competition determines which variation
survives
to to
adaptations
survive
reproduce and which does not.
reproducingis variation
is the basis
of a new
3. A
Competition
how mutations
are purged.
species.
20
Summary
•
Change from one “species” to another is a misleading
basis for evaluating evolution, because it may not
identify permanent change.
•
“Natural selection” does not necessarily remove neutral
traits; it may simply reduce their frequency during times
that they are less useful.
•
Mutation is harmful; natural selection helps keep it in
check
•
Adaptation is a way of preserving an organism’s kind,
not a means of changing it to something else.
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22
B100 Origin of Species
Additional comments and discussion
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Slide 7
”Thousands of diseases” by mutation can be verified by visiting http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/Stats/mimstats.html The
Mandelian Inheritance in Man database is the authoritative source for genetic disease mutations in humans. The identified
mutations to date are “Established Gene Locus;” Positively identified diseases from these mutations are called “Phenotype
Descriptions;” and conditions being investigated as possible genetic diseases are listed as “Other Entries.”
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