Transcript Slajd 1

How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns?
As species of the same genus have usually, though by no means invariably,
some similarity in habitats and constitution, and always in structure, the
struggle will generally be more severe between species of the same genus,
when they come into competition with each other, than between species of
distinct genera.
Charles Darwin(1959) The Origin of species by mean of natural selection. London.
z
1400
Number of families
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-600
-400
-200
Years before present
Increase in marine diversity (number of families)
0
How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns?
Biotic interactions
Species
assemblage
rules
Niche
Biogeography
History
Community
structure
Life
histrory
traits
Phenology
Chance processes
Character evolution
Phylogenetic
constraints
Does evolutionary history influence today’s ecological patterns?
Large scale
Small scale
Imact of evolutionary history
Impact of species interactions
Does evolutionary history influence ecological patterns at the local scale?
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Abundances
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Extinction risk
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Species co-occurrences
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Species composition
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biogeographic distribution
Species assembly and evolutionary history
Evolution
Evolution
Species traits Adaptations
S1
Region1
S2
S3
Region2
S4
Species traits Adaptations
S5
Region3
S1
S2
Region1
S3
Region2
S4
S5
Region3
Community assembly
with conserved adaptational traits
Community assembly
with competitive effects
Clustered (underdispersed) pattern
Overdispersed pattern
The model assumes that ecologically plasticity is at least to a certain amount limited
Phylogeny and local and regional abundances
Older (basal) lineage
Younger (derived)
lineages
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Abundance and clade (lineage) age
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Patterns of species co-occurrence
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Extinction risk and clade age
•
Evolutionary speed and clade age
To study these patterns we
need well established
phylogenetic trees
Taxon species richness and local abundances
The case of Hymenoptera
Continental taxon species richness of
Hymenoptera is correlated to mean
local abundances
1
Families found in the forest
4
Fraction of
singletons
Mean density
per species
5
Species rich hymenopteran taxa
contain more locally rare and fewer
locally abundant species
3
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
10
100
1000
1
10000
Fraction of
abundant species
Mean density
per species
All European families
4
3
2
1
0
1
10
100
1000
Number of species
100
1000 10000
Number of species
Number of species
5
10
10000
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
10
100
1000 10000
Number of species
Fraction of rare species
Does taxon size and phylogenetic history determine susceptability to extinction?
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
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140
Number of species in a flora
In vascular plants frequencies of rare species seem to be correlated to taxon sizes.
Numbers of families and species scale allometrically to floral species richness
Number of genera
60
50
40
30
20
0.77
y = 1.78x
2
R = 0.94
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
Number of species in a flora
Number of families
35
•
Species richer sites contain
relatively less higher taxa.
•
Species richer sites have
higher S/G ratios
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Species richer sites contain
higher proportions of
ecologically similar species
(environmental filtering)
30
25
20
15
10
0.61
y = 1.9x
2
R = 0.70
5
0
0
20
40
60
Number of species in a flora
80
Today’s reading
Community assembly: www.cbs.umn.edu/cavender/Reading_List/Ackerly03IJPS_2003.pdf
Phylogeny and community ecology:
www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2002/121_Webb_AnnRevEcolSyst02.pdf