Transcript Slide 1

True or False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
People everywhere return favors.
The DNA in chimpanzees is 99.4 % the same as that in humans.
Even complex human traits are determined by a single gene
Fraternal twins are genetically no more similar than ordinary brothers
and sisters.
Adoptee’s traits such as extroversion and agreeableness bear more
similarities to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents
Child neglect and abuse and even parental divorce are rare in adoptive
homes.
Eating disorders are primarily a contemporary Western cultural
phenomenon.
If after a worldwide catastrophe only Icelanders or Kenyans survived, the
human species would suffer a huge reduction in its genetic diversity
Men judge women as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance,
and women prefer men who are mature, dominant, and affluent.
A culture with gender equality is a culture with larger gender differences
in mate preferences
Unit 3C:
Biological Bases of Behavior:
Genetics, Evolutionary
Psychology, and Behavior
Unit Overview
• Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual
Differences
• Evolutionary Psychology:
• Understanding
Human Nature
• Reflections on
Nature and
Nurture
Behavior Genetics: Predicting
Individual Differences
Introduction
LO #1
• behavior genetics
–heredity vs. the environment
Chromosomes
23 from egg and
23 from sperm
combine at
conception into
how many pairs?
Genes: Our Codes for Life
• chromosome
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• genes
–active (expressed)
vs. inactive
• genome
Video: Ethics in Human Research:
Violating One’s Privacy
Vol. 1, DVD1 (An Introduction to Psychological Science)
Clip #3, 7:00
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
• identical twins (mono-zygotic)
• fraternal twins (di-zygotic)
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
mono-zygotic
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
mono-zygotic
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
mono-zygotic
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
mono-zygotic
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
mono-zygotic
di-zygotic
Twin and Adoption Studies
Identical vs. Fraternal Twins
mono-zygotic
di-zygotic
Identical vs.
Fraternal:
You make the call!
Twin and Adoption Studies
Separated Twins, p. 97
• U of MN studies on identical twins
separated at birth (Jim and his brother Jim)
• anecdotal evidence
(coincidental
similarities)
• “virtual twins”
(same-age biologically
unrelated siblings)
Twin and Adoption Studies
Biological vs. Adoptive Relatives*
• genetic relatives, p. 99
(biological parents and siblings)
• environmental relatives
(adoptive parents and siblings)
*Are adoptees more like biological
parents (who contributed their genes) or
adoptive parents (who contribute a
home environment)?
Exercise: Striking Similarities, p. 5
Striking similarities have sometimes been found
between twins who are reunited after years of
separation.
Genetics
or
Chance?
1. Pair off.
2. Distribute handout Handout 3C-2.
3. In less than five minutes, discover how many
similarities you and partner can discover (don’t
worry about differences).
Video: Nature vs. Nurture:
Growing Up Apart
DVD 1 “Nature and Nurture” #9, p. 20
Heritability
LO #2
• heritability
–“difference among individuals”
Heritability
Group Differences
• Heritable differences between
individuals does NOT imply
heritable group differences, p. 100
Heritability
Nature and Nurture, p. 101
• influence of adaptation (calloused feet)
• nature and nurture work together
(chameleon)
• genes are
self-regulating
(genes react)
Gene-Environment Interaction
• genes and experience interact
(pretty baby vs. ugly baby)
– evocative interactions
Examples:
1. Calm teacher gets angry with disruptive
student.
2. Parents discipline siblings differently.
LO #3
The New Frontier:
Molecular Genetics
• molecular genetics
–molecular behavior genetics
goal:
• to find genes that influence normal human traits
• to explore mechanisms that control
gene expression
–genetics and diseases
(to isolate genes that cause disorders)
Evolutionary Psychology:
Understanding Human Nature
Natural Selection and Adaptation
LO #4
• evolutionary psychology
–natural selection
• mutation
• adaptation
• fitness
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain
Similarities
• Behaviors that contribute to
survival are found throughout
cultures
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities
Outdated Tendencies
• Genetic traits which helped our
ancestors survive may harm us
today
p. 105
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities
Evolutionary Psychology Today
• “the Second Darwinian Revolution”
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
Gender Differences in Sexuality
LO #5
• studies suggesting men have a
stronger tendency towards sex
(study of adolescent
males)
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences
• Differing preferences in partners
–male preferences
–female preferences
(read p. 106)
Video: Evolutionary Psychology
and Sex Differences
Vol. 2, DVD (The Developing Person,
Clip 112, 4:10 min.)
Critiquing the Evolutionary
LO #6
Perspective
• Backward theorizing, p. 107
• Impact of social influence
determinism
moral responsibility
rationalizing
September 2, 2008
Dear Mr. Welch, I’m at UW Milwaukee and am taking a Psych
101 class. I was reading through the homework and came
across this explanation of behavior according to
evolutionary psychology:
Theorists claim that we have the ability to lie because our
ancestors who could lie had an advantage: they could trick
their naive companions into giving up resources. These
more devious ancestors had more children who survived
than did their non-lying contemporaries, and their lying
children had more children, and so on until the ability to
lie was inborn in all members of our species.
Just thought you might like to laugh at this attempt to explain
sin.
Enjoy!
God bless,
Megen Bejvan
Three Current “Life” Issues
Abortion
Cloning
Euthanasia
When cloning goes bad
pics
“So, when’s
the test
gonna be?”
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Definition
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Behavior genetics
= the study of the relative power and limits of
genetic and environmental influences on
behavior.
Environment
= every non-genetic influence, from prenatal
nutrition to the people and things around
us.
Chromosomes
= threadlike structures made of DNA
molecules that contain the genes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
= a complex molecule containing the genetic
information that makes up the
chromosomes.
Genes
= the biochemical units of heredity that make
up the chromosomes; segments of DNA
capable of synthesizing a protein.
Genome
= the complete instructions for making an
organism, consisting of all the genetic
material in that organism’s chromosomes.
Identical Twins
= twins who develop from a single fertilized
egg that splits in two, creating two
genetically-identical organisms.
Fraternal Twins
= twins who develop from separate fertilized
eggs. They are genetically no closer than
brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal
environment.
Heritability
= the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to genes.
The heritability of a trait may vary,
depending on the range of populations
and environments studied.
Interaction
= the interplay that occurs when the effect of
one factor (such as environment) depends
on another factor (such as heredity).
Molecular Genetics
= the subfield of biology that studies the
molecular structure and function of genes.
Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the evolution of behavior and
the mind,using principles of natural
selection.
Natural Selection
= the principle that, among the range of
inherited trait variations, those that lead to
increased reproduction and survival will
most likely be passed on to succeeding
generations.
Mutation
= the random error in gene replication that
leads to a change.