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What is the Theory of Evolution? • Evolution is the change in a population over time • Scientific theory that all organisms share a common ancestor. Explain how continuous investigations by multiple scientists and new scientific information has influenced theories over time. Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis) Explain why the scientific theory of evolution is supported through various disciplines and evidence, such as: fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed changes over time. Be able to discuss the use of molecular clocks to estimate how long ago various groups of organisms diverged evolutionarily from one another. Describe scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth, such as those posed by: Miller and Urey, and Pasteur Identify conditions contributing to the origin of life on Earth, such as: organic molecule synthesis, Earth’s early atmosphere, primordial soup Identify basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors, from six million years ago to present, including: brain size, jaw size, language, and manufacturing of tools Students will: Describe the conditions required for natural selection that result in differential reproductive success, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive Describe how biological diversity is increased by the origin to new species and how the natural processes of extinction decrease it. Explain how biological diversity is increased by the emergence of new species and decreased by natural selection Discuss mechanisms of change other than natural selection, such as: genetic drift, gene flow, and non‐random mating Explain how mutation and genetic recombination increases genetic variation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= cC8k2Sb1oQ8 Bozeman Science video on Evolution What is the Theory of Evolution? • Evolution is the change in a population over time • Scientific theory that all organisms share a common ancestor. List 5 pieces of evidence and explain how it supports the Theory of Evolution. 1. Anatomical Evidence a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures c. Vestigial Structures 2. Fossil Evidence 3. DNA Evidence 4. Embryological Evidence 5. Artificial Selection Evolution Hominid skull evolution SC.912.L.15.1 Theory of Evolution • Key Vocabulary: continental drift, embryology, evidence, evolution, fossil, genetic drift, gene flow, homologous structures, observations, species, natural selection, theory, speciation, vestigial structures Biology Review L.15.13 – Natural Selection Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success. • Explain and/or describe the conditions required for natural selection that result in differential reproductive success. • Explain and/or describe the scientific mechanisms, such as genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating, resulting in evolutionary change. • Explain and/or describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation What are the principles of natural selection? 1. Over production of offspring (lots of babies) 2. Offspring have variation in traits 3. Some traits are better suited to the environment than others (struggle to survive/competition) 4. Organisms with better traits survive and reproduce Biology Review L.15.13 – Natural Selection Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success. • Explain and/or describe the conditions required for natural selection that result in differential reproductive success. • Explain and/or describe the scientific mechanisms, such as genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating, resulting in evolutionary change. • Explain and/or describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation How do mechanisms like genetic drift, gene flow and nonrandom mating result in evolutionary change? • Genetic drift- Random event that could happen regardless of how “good” your genes are. – Ex: Stepping on an ant • Gene flow- Immigration/Emigration; movement of genes to a new population • Nonrandom mating- Decreases genetic variation= less chance of surviving an environmental change. How do mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation? • Mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation because they create new DNA sequences and combination Natural Selection • Key Vocabulary: adaptation, biodiversity, diversity, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, offspring, reproductive isolation, species, natural selection, theory, speciation, subspecies, variation Biology Review L.15.8 – Origin of Life on Earth Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth • Identify examples of and basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors to modern humans. • Describe scientific explanations for the origin of life on Earth. • Identify situations or conditions contributing to the origin of life on Earth. How have hominids changed from through evolution from early ancestors to modern humans? • Skull has increased in size. • Jaw has gotten smaller. • Use of tools, fire, and creation of a complex language What evidence do we use to show this change? • Fossil evidence and DNA evidence How do scientists explain the origin of life on earth? • Chemical evolution is the theory that life started from organic molecules. • The Miller-Urey experiment showed that organic molecules could be created from chemicals in early Earth’s atmosphere. After these organic molecules were formed they came together to make cells. What situations and conditions contributed to the origin of life on earth? • Early earth had ammonia, water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide. – Inorganic molecules were present. – It was hot and had a lot of lighting. Origin of Life • Key Vocabulary: hominid, organic molecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU Natural Selection - Evolution According to fossil records, the horses that lived 50 million years ago were much smaller, weaker and slower than modern horses. Which process is most likely responsible for the changes that have led to the increased size, strength, and speed in horses? A. commensalism B. inbreeding C. migration D. evolution by natural selection The diagram illustrates an embryonic stage of two organisms. Which of the following can be determined by observing the embryos shown in the diagram? A. The organisms share a common ancestry. B. The organisms belong to the same genus. C. The organisms are native to the same geographic areas. D. The organisms will grow into anatomically similar adults. How do mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation? ___________________ and genetic recombination increase genetic variation because they create new ________ sequences and combination A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population? A. It will accelerate the appearance of new traits. B. It will promote the survival of chimpanzees with beneficial traits. C. It will increase the number of alleles for specific traits. D. It will reduce genetic diversity. Which of the following best illustrates natural selection? A. An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully. B. A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate. C. A community whose members work together utilizing all existing resources and migratory routes. D. The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities. Important vocabulary Analogous structure Ancestor Biogeography Candidate fossil Common ancestor Descendant Embryology Endosymbiotic Theory Evolution Fossil Hominid Homologous structure Vestigial structure