Transcript Organism DNA Codes

Evolution Test
Review
GRAPHS, CHARTS
and Diagrams
DNA ANALYSIS
Organism
DNA Codes
FROG
ATT
GGA
GCA
GAC
TTA
LIZARD
ATT
GGC
ACT
AAT
CTA
SALAMANDER
ATT
GGA
ACT
AAC
CTT
AMERICAN TOAD
ATC
TCT
AAC
AAC
CTT
Used to determine relatedness among species.
Protein (DNA) Analysis
Organism
Number of differences in amino acids
in Cytochrome C compared
to humans
Tuna
21
Mold
48
Moth
31
Dog
11
Horse
12
Chicken
13
Monkey
1
Homologous Structures
Evidence for common ancestry.
FOSSIL RECORD
Provides evidence of change over time
and age of past organisms.
EMBROLOGY
Shows evidence of common ancestry.
CLADOGRAM
A cladogram is a diagram that depicts evolutionary
relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY,
which is the study of evolutionary relationships.
Family Trees
Phylogenetic Trees: Order
of Evolution of Species and
Relatedness
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
Cladograms: Evolutionary
Relationships and Development
of Adaptations
Bar Graph
This shows how the frequency of alleles for color have
changed in this rabbit population over time.
Genetic Variation
Mutation: Some “green genes” randomly
mutated to “brown genes” (although since any
particular mutation is rare, this process alone
cannot account for a big change in allele
frequency over one generation).
Natural Selection
This is a non-random mechanism of evolution.
Gene Flow (Migration)
Migration (or gene
flow): The
introduction of
new alleles into a
population from
another
population of the
same species.
This is a random
mechanism of
evolution.
Genetic Drift
The process of change in
the genetic composition
of a population due to
chance or random events
rather than by natural
selection, resulting in
changes in allele
frequencies over time.
Types of Natural Selection
One of the extremes of a
phenotype is the fittest.
The intermediate phenotype is the
fittest.
Both of the extremes of a
phenotype is the fittest.
Speciation
The formation of new species from the evolution of existing species.
Results from reproductive isolation of two populations.
Reproductive Isolation Types
Behavioral Isolation – when two
populations are separated by different
mating behaviors – leads to speciation
Geographic Isolation – when two
populations are separated by a
physical barrier and cannot reach each
other – leads to speciation
Temporal Isolation – when two
populations mate at different times –
leads to speciation
Lamarck vs. Darwin
Lamarck vs. Darwin
Darwin would say
the wolf with the
square snout will be
outcompeted by the
round snouted wolf
and die off.
Lamarck would say
the wolf can change
its snout shape by
willing it to change
during its lifetime.
Practice Questions
Meaning of Evolution
Answer - #3
Mechanisms of Evolution,
Patterns of Evolution
Answer - #1
Phylogeny; Cladograms
Answer - #2
Mechanism of Evolution
Answer - #1
Natural Selection
Answer - #4
Evidence of Evolution
Comparative embryology, similar DNA sequences, and
homologous structures are all evidence of
a.
b.
c.
d.
endosymbiotic theory
common ancestry
genetic drift
artificial selection
Human CCA GGT ATA
Chimp CCA GGT ATT
Cat
CCA GAG ATC
Answer - B
Fossil Record
Answer - #1
Complexity of a
Eukaryotic Cell
Answer - #3
Mechanisms of Evolution:
Recombination
Answer - #4
Natural Selection
Answer - #2
Answer - #4
When a population cannot adapt to changes in their
environment and they all die, ______________ has
occurred.
a. adaptation
b. natural selection
c. genetic drift
d. extinction
Answer - D
Patterns of Evolution
On the Galapagos Islands, finch species started
on one island, then moved to each island and
evolved separately into new species. This is
known as _______________
a. adaptive radiation
b. genetic drift
c. artificial selection
d. extinction
Answer - A
Emergence of a new
species
When a new population evolves from a
previous population and the two can no
longer interbreed, ___________ has
occurred.
a. genetic drift
b. speciation
c. artificial selection
d. extinction
Answer - B
The diagram documents a famous
experiment by Diane Dodd. Dodd took an
initial population of Drosophila fruit flies and
separated them into two different containers.
The first group was fed food containing
mostly starch. The second group was fed
food containing mostly maltose. After eight
generations apart (about four months), the
flies were re-introduced and could not longer
interbreed. They had become two new
species.
What is the most likely reason the flies
evolved into two species?
a. At least one of the groups of flies became sterile and unable to lay eggs.
b. The two flies were really separate species to begin with, but it went
unnoticed.
c. The two different food sources introduced many new DNA mutations
very quickly and the flies changed drastically.
d. Separation with different food sources gave an advantage to mutant flies
that could only digest starch or digest maltose. They survived and the
species changed in these directions.
Answer - D