Transcript Peppered Moths

Peppered Moths
Natural Color Adaptation
Read through the slides and answer on a loose leaf paper:
1. What is industrial melanism?
2. What happened to the pepperedmoth populations near
industrial cities in England?
3. Which variation (mutation) of moth would best survive on
a dark tree trunk? Explain.
4. Which variation (mutation) of moth would best survive on
a light tree trunk? Explain.
5. If the moths travelled to an area miles away from the
industrial cities, what variation of the moth population
would best survive? Explain.
• Industrial Melanism is a term used to describe the adaptation
of a population in response to pollution.
• One example of rapid industrial melanism occurred in
populations of peppered moths in the area of Manchester,
England from 1845 to 1890. The peppered moth is fairly
common in England. It can be found in two forms – the dark
form and the light form.
• Before the industrial revolution, the trunks of the trees in the forest
around Manchester were light grayish-green due to the presence of
lichens. Most of the peppered moths in the area were light colored
with dark spots. Prior to 1850, insect collectors had never collected
a dark form of this moth. As the industrial revolution progressed,
the tree trunks became covered with soot and turned dark. In 1850,
a dark form was collected near the factory city of Manchester. Over
a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became
more common.
• In fact, near many industrial cities in England the dark form
accounted for about 95 percent of the peppered moth population.
Away from industrial centers the moth was usually found in the
light form. In non-industrial areas, tree trunks were usually found
in their lighter, natural color. Both forms of the moth are preyed
upon by birds when the moths rest on the trunks of trees. Among
the peppered moth population, the genes for both the light form
and the dark form have long existed. However, before 1850, the
dark form appeared only rarely. The increased number of dark
moths is a matter of natural selection.
Light-colored moth on normal lichen-covered tree trunk.
(2003). Tropical Ecology and Entomology Research Group. Retrieved January 12,
2007, from Oxford University Zoology Department Web site:
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~speight/Teaching.htm
Dark and
light-colored
moths on
lichencovered tree
trunk.
Can you find
the lightcolored
moth?
Holdredge, Craig (Fall, 2002). The Tyranny of a Concept: The Case of the Peppered
Moth. The Nature Institute, 8, Retrieved 1/11/07, from
http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic8/moth.htm
Dark and light-colored moths on soot-covered tree trunk.
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t012/T01
2789A.jpg "Evolution," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006
http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Both moths on
normal lichencovered tree
trunk.
Both moths on
normal sootcovered tree
trunk.
Lendvai, Gabor (7-1-98). Natural Selection.
Retrieved January 11, 2007, from BIO 304.
Ecology & Evolution Population Genetics Web
site:
http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304
/popgen/nat.selection.html
Peppered Moths
Natural Color Adaptation
Now that you have looked through the slides, answer the
following questions on a loose leaf paper:
1. What is industrial melanism?
2. What happened to the pepperedmoth populations near
industrial cities in England?
3. Which variation (mutation) of moth would best survive on
a dark tree trunk? Explain.
4. Which variation (mutation) of moth would best survive on
a light tree trunk? Explain.
5. If the moths travelled to an area miles away from the
industrial cities, what variation of the moth population
would best survive? Explain.
Galapagos Adaptations
•
•
•
•
Take a look at each of the Galapagos species.
Look through each of the slides and compare and contrast the species.
You will look at 2 species of iguana, tortoise, and cormorant.
On a loose leaf paper, write 3 comparison paragraphs.
– Iguana paragraph, tortoise paragraph, and cormorant paragraph.
– Compare diet, habit, and adaptations.
– Minimum 6 sentences per paragraph.
National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos.
Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html
(2006). Darwin & the Galapagos Islands. Retrieved
January 4, 2007, from Go Visit Galapagos Web site:
http://www.govisitgalapagos.com/darwin/default.asp
(Jan 3, 2007). Photos/Mixed Selection. Retrieved January 9,
2007, from www.CQJ.dk Travelling, Sports Fishing &
Photography Web site: http://www.cqj.dk/mix-photo-eng.htm
(2007). Galapagos Pictures, Galapagos Wildlife.
Retrieved January 9, 2007, from in-quito.com
Galapagos Pictures Web site: http://www.inquito.com/galapagos/pictures-2.htm
Is the only sea-going iguana in the world
Flat tail
Square nose
Dark coloration
Partially webbed feet
Coloration camouflages them in the dark lava on
which they live
Enables iguanas of all ages to absorb more
heat from the sun
A large relative of the South American and
Caribbean terrestrial iguana
Round tail
Pointed nose
Brownish-red in color on top
Yellow-orange underneath
Eats grass and other ground plants, especially
the large prickly-pear cactus.
Marine Iguana vs. Land Iguana
Lives near the water
Long claws for
gripping rocks
Lives in dry regions
on land
Short claws
Short snout
Long snout
Dark color
Light color
National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4,
2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html
(2006). Darwin & the Galapagos Islands. Retrieved January 4, 2007,
from Go Visit Galapagos Web site:
http://www.govisitgalapagos.com/darwin/default.asp
National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos.
Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html
National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos.
Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html
(2007). Galapagos Islands Guided Tour. Retrieved
January 9, 2007, from AGalapagos Islands Guided Tour Isla Santa Cruz, Ecuador Web site:
http://www.discovergalapagos.com/santacru.html
(2006). Tortoise T-Shirts. Retrieved January 9, 2007,
from JungleWalk.com Gifts for Animal Lovers Web
site: http://www.junglewalk.com/shop/Tortoise-tshirts.htm
One of the major groups of giant tortoises in
the Galapagos Islands
Arched carapace (shell) in the front
Long legs
Long snout
Long neck that allows it to reach for its food
high above the ground
Found in the dry areas of Espanola, Pinzon,
Pinta, and Fernandina Islands
One of the major groups of giant tortoises in the
Galapagos Islands
Rounded shell
Blunt snout
Shorter neck
Found on islands with rich vegetation (like Santa
Cruz and Isabela)
Larger and heavier
Rounded shell allows it to move through the thick
vegetation more easily than the saddleback
tortoise
Saddleback
Domed
Tortoise vs. Tortoise
Lives in dry region
Eats leaves high in
trees
Highly arched shell
opening
Long neck
Long legs
National Science Teachers
Association, NSTA
Galapagos. Retrieved January
4, 2007, from Classroom
Investigations: Galapagos
Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos
/activities/gallery/gallery2.ht
ml
Lives in an area of
thick vegetation
Eats grasses and
leaves close to ground
Low, rounded shell opening
Short neck
Short legs
National Science Teachers
Association, NSTA Galapagos.
Retrieved January 4, 2007, from
Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/acti
vities/gallery/gallery2.html
National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos.
Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html
National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos.
Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html
(2007). Flightless Cormorant. Retrieved January 9, 2007,
from ARKive: Images of Life on Earth Web site:
http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Phalacrocorax_har
risi/
(2007). Cormorant Showing Off Photo. Retrieved
January 9, 2007, from TrekNature Web site:
http://www.treknature.com/gallery/North_America/Ca
nada/photo45462.htm
Found only in the Galapagos
Dark with black coloration above and brown
underneath
Streamlined body, thick neck, larger beak
Strong legs
Sparsely feathered vestigial wings
The wings are small and useless for flight
Webbed feet
Uses its strong legs and webbed feet to swim
and capture fish, eels, and octopuses
28 other living species of cormorants, all of
which use their wings for flight
Well-developed wing muscles, making their
bodies thicker than the flightless cormorant
Legs are much more refined because they do not
use them for swimming that much
Eat mainly fish
Thin neck, smaller beak
Flightless
Cormorant
Found only in the
Galapagos
Not found in the
Galapagos
Small, vestigial wings
Long, well-developed
wings
Streamlined body
for swimming
Thick, strong legs
for swimming
National Science Teachers
Association, NSTA
Galapagos. Retrieved
January 4, 2007, from
Classroom Investigations:
Galapagos Adaptations
Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapa
gos/activities/gallery/galle
ry2.html
vs. Cormorant
Heavier body
Slender Legs
National Science Teachers
Association, NSTA
Galapagos. Retrieved January
4, 2007, from Classroom
Investigations: Galapagos
Adaptations Web site:
http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/
activities/gallery/gallery2.html
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
Complete Peppered Moth questions on loose leaf paper.
Complete the 3 Galapagos Island paragraphs on loose leaf paper.
Turn in both assignments to the period basket.
Work on Science Fair Pre-lab
• Background Research
• Half to a full page explaining the problem statement and topic of your project
• Hypothesis
• If statement about IV, then prediction about DV, because inference or reasoning for prediction
• Materials
• Bulleted list of supplies
• Procedures
• Numbered steps in complete sentences