Quick study review of for week 24 DCA
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Transcript Quick study review of for week 24 DCA
Quick study review of for week
24 DCA
Evidence of evolution
• Comparative Anatomy- how do structures of
different organisms show that they have
common ancestor
– Homologous structures- similar structures from
common ancestor
– Analogous structures- similar function and
structure but from different ancestor (no related).
Q1) According to the diagram: which
organism is cat most closely related to?
Evidence of Evolution
• Embryology- study of embryo development in
different species to show common ancestry
Evidence of Evolution
• Molecular Biology: Using DNA sequence to
determine the relativeness of species to show
common ancestry.
• Remember: DNARNAProteins
- The more similar the DNA are between 2
species, the more related they are.
Evidence of Evolution
• Cladogram- branching diagram or "tree"
showing the inferred evolutionary relationships
among various biological species. (wiki)
Q1) According to the diagram,
who is the oldest organism?
Q2)What do trait(s) Mouse
and chip share in common?
Evidence of Evolution
• Fossil records- a system of relative dating
showing the relative (estimated) age of the
fossils depending on the layer of rocks they
were found.
• Remember the layers at the
bottom is older than the ones
on the top.
Geological Timeline
• Shows the geological history of Earth and the
evolution (rises and change) of the living and
non-living organisms.
Q1) According to the timescale:
what was the first living organism?
Q2)Where do we find the oldest
dates on the top or bottom of the
time scale?
Natural Selection
• Natural selection is how the forces/ criteria from the
environment selecting a specific trait with in a population.
• This can lead to adaptation- meaning that the best fitted
trait for that environment continues to live and reproduce.
• Remember there is already a variety existing within the
population to begin with!
• Conditions of natural selection:
–
–
–
–
Over population
Competition for resource (food, mate, space)
The fittest (not always the strongest) will survive.
Variation should already exist within the population
Speciation-formation of new species
• There are few mechanisms of how speciation occurs
due to reproductive isolation (unable to mate and
reproduce) between species.
• Types of reproductive isolation:
• Temporal isolation- different mating seasons
• ***Geographical isolation- separated by geographical
location (river, mountain, island)
• Hybrid break down- the baby that is hybrid can’t have
baby (sterile)
• ***Behavioral isolation- different ways to mating
rituals (i.e. dancing rituals, different bird songs, etc…)
Taxonomy- kingdoms
• Be able to identify the characteristics of different
kingdoms.
• Pay close attention of differences and similarities
between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
• They are both prokaryote- no nucleus or
membrane bound organelles.
• Eubacteria are found in daily- common
surroundings.
• Archaebacteria are found in extreme environment
(hot springs, salty environments)
Taxonomy- Dichotomous key
• Be able to use dichotomous key to identify the
name of the unknown organism.
• *Remember to always start off with the first
question and then depending on what the
characteristic the organism do/do not have
you go to the next question.
According to the diagram what is
organism number 5?
Ecological succession
• Change in a ecosystem over time
Primary succession
• Started out with bare rock no soil, longer
Secondary succession
• Occurs after a disaster/disturbance, have soil,
faster
Pioneer species
• First to start the succession create soil
Lichen, moss, algae etc…
Climax community
• Final stage of succession where everything is
stable
Food Chain/ Food web
Flow of energy and matter
What is the main source of Energy w/in an
Ecosystem?
The SUN!
It provides Energy for the
plants so that they can
undergo photosynthesis and
grow and then animals eat
them.
Aut trophs
“Auto” = self
“troph” = food
They are PRODUCERS!
Organisms that use
Energy from the
environment to make
their own food!
(e.g.; plants and some bacteria)
Heterotroph
“Hetero” = other
“troph” = food
They are CONSUMERS!
Organisms that eat
Other organisms to
Obtain Energy.
(e.g.; mushrooms, leopards,
humans, & sharks)
Animals that eat
ONLY plants, fruits,
and “herbs”
(e.g.; Fruit Bats, Moose,
Elephants, Rabbits, Deer,
Cows)
Omnivores
Animals that eat both
autotrophs & heterotrophs
(plants and animals)
(e.g.; bears, most humans, pigs,
dogs, monkeys, ducks & crows)
Carnivores
Animals that eat other
heterotrophs (animals)…
Meat Eaters ONLY!
(e.g.; Komodo Dragons, Lions, Tigers,
Snakes & Octopus)
Predator vs. Prey
Predator
Captures and feeds
Prey
Is eaten or fed on
Decomposers
Decomposers
Breaks down organic
matter and recycles it
back into the earth (this
makes them the
ultimate top level
consumer)
(e.g.; fungi/ mushrooms, and
bacteria)
Detritivores
Detritivores
Scavengers; Feed on
DEAD decaying
organisms
(e.g.; mites, flies, earthworms, snails,
crabs, rats & vultures)
Food Chain
Shows how Energy is
transferred “thru” an
Ecosystem
Sun Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Some People
Shows a linear feeding
relationship for 1 particular
organism (“Who eats
who”)
Arrows ALWAYS Point to the 1 who
is Enjoying the Meal
Food Chain-Practice
(circle the appropriate organism then answer questions)
• A
• B
•
•
•
•
In diagram A who is the producer?
In diagram B who is the tertiary consumer?
How many trophic level is in diagram B?
What is the ultimate (original) source of energy?
Food Web
Shows a NETWORK of
interconnected feeding
relationships within an
ecosystem
Food Webs are ALL of
the Food Chains w/in an
Ecosystem linked
together
(“Who eats who” and “whose being eaten”)
Trophic Levels
Each step in a food chain or food web
– PRODUCERS REPRESENTS THE 1ST LEVEL
– CONSUMERS MAKE UP THE 2ND, 3RD, OR HIGHER LEVELS
Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for
energy
Trophic Levels w/in A Food Web
Producers
Always start a food
chain or a food web;
plants or bacteria
Primary Consumers
eat the producers;
herbivores
Trophic Levels w/in A Food Web
Secondary Consumers
Eat the producers and
the primary consumers;
omnivores
Tertiary Consumers
Eat the secondary and
primary consumers;
carnivores = the top
Predator
Biomass Pyramids
Biomass
total amount of living
tissue within a given
trophic level
The Pyramid represents
the potential food
available for each
trophic level.
Pyramids of Numbers
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains-mcq.htm
Based on the # of
organisms at each
trophic level.
There should always be
more producers
represented than there
are consumers
Energy Pyramids/ The Rule of 10
Only about 10% of the
ENERGY available w/in 1
Trophic Level is
transferred to
organisms at the trophic
level above it
The rest of the Energy is released
in some form of heat
(e.g.; when you eat a chicken wing you are
only going to absorb 10% of it’s energy)
Tertiary
consumers
(human)
Usable energy available
at each trophic level
(in kilocalories)
Secondary
consumers
(perch)
Primary
consumers
(zooplankton)
Heat
10
Heat
100
Heat
Decomposers
Heat
1,000
Heat
10,000
Producers
(phytoplankton)
Fig. 3-15, p. 63
Symbiosis
• Relationship between two organisms that live
CLOSELY together
Mutualism
• Both organisms benefit; +/+
Sea anemone and clown fish
Commensalism
• One benefit where other is unaffected; +/0
Cow and egret (bird)
Parasitism
• One benefit while the other is harmed
• Host and parasite (Dog and Tick)
Predator and prey
• Predator- hunts for food
• Prey-the organism being hunted
http://www.animationlibrary.com/search/?keywords=recycle
BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLES
3-3
http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm
ENERGY & MATTER
Energy is not the only thing
that moves through the ecosystem.
Atoms are never destroyed . . . only
transformed.
Take a deep breath.
The atoms you just inhaled
may have been inhaled by
a dinosaur millions of years
ago.
http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html
4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body
in most organisms
OXYGEN
CARBON
HYDROGEN
NITROGEN
The same molecules are passed around
again and again within the biosphere in
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
___________________________
CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
ocean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
4 main CARBON reservoirs
in BIOSPHERE
atmosphere as CO gas
1. In ____________
2
ocean as dissolved CO2 gas
2. In _______
land
3. On _______
in organisms, rocks, soil
4.Underground
__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
Volcanic activity
1. ________________
Human activity (burning fossil fuels)
2. ______________
Cellular respiration
3. _________________
4. Decomposition
____________ of dead organisms
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
BUILDING BLOCKS
Found in all the _______________ of cells:
carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for
GLUCOSE production during
__________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
__________________...
the fuel that all living things depend on.
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg
NITROGEN CYCLE
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3and NO2-
NH3
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?
NITROGEN BASES
__________________make
DNA and RNA
ATP
Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in _______
amino acids
Makes AMINO part of _________ (proteins)
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
79% of the atmosphere is made
up of NITROGEN gas (N2)
CAN’T
BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas
we breathe!
The bond in N2 gas is so
strong it can only be broken by
lightning
_______________
Volcanic activity
_______________
few special bacteria
____________________
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
in the soil
Bacteria that live ______________
symbiotic
and in _________ relationships with
legumes
plants called _________,
take
nitrogen from the atmosphere and
AMMONIA (NH )
turn it into ______________, a form
that is usable by plants.
3
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED
NITROGEN FIXATION
_________________
http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif
Other bacteria in the soil convert
NITRATES (NO )
ammonia into ________________
& NITRITES (NO )
& _________________
which plants can also use.
The nitrogen we need for proteins,
ATP, and nucleic acids comes from
FOOD WE EAT
the ___________
NOT THE AIR
___________
we breathe!
3
2
-
-
Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg
and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif
modified by Riedell
NITROGEN CYCLE
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3and NO2-
NH3
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
in the soil
Bacteria that live ______________
also carry out the reverse process
NITRATES
& NITRITES
___________ →
NITROGEN GAS
_____________
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED
DENITRIFICATION
_________________
.