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光電系統諸元
• Wave Propagation Equation
 = c / f ; k = 2π/ 
c : velocity of light (3x1010 cm/s)
• Energy  1/wavelength (1/)
– shorter  (higher f ) == higher energy
– longer  (lower f ) == lower energy
光電技術定義淺釋
以光學原理與創新為基礎, 配合成熟的
電子(機械)技術, 所組成的專業工程領域
Electro – Optics
Opto – electronics
Photonics
精密與創新
機械是工業之母!!
眼睛映像諸元
視網膜及其單元
錐狀(cone)與桿狀(rod)
視覺細胞之分佈
人眼視覺相對敏感度
V : photopic (peak at 550)-晝視
V': scotopic (peak at 505)-夜視
幅射 溫度 顏色
The velocity of light in a material (index of
refraction),
depends on the wavelength of the light.
色值
Hue 色 澤
• A hue is the saturation of a color and is
what stays constant in a color , i.e. the
property of being away from white.
• “purple” is a technical term: it designates
not just one color or hue, but a whole
class of them. On our two-dimensional
diagram, purples form a triangle.
• Each hue has a complementary hue.
量子光學
半 導 體
Momentum Space
Intrinsic crystal
Energy
Direct/indirect band-gap
phonon
photon
h
momentum
Quantum Well
LED 製造與組裝
照 明 亮 度
環
境
Lux = lm/m2
How much light do we need?
Type of activity
Illuminance
lx=lm/m2
Orientation & simple visual tasks 30-100
(public space)
Common visual tasks
300-1,000
(commercial, industrial &
residential applications)
3,000 –
Special visual tasks, including
those with very small or low
10,000
contrast critical elements
電荷耦合器件
(charge-couple
device;CCD)
CCD 與 CMOS 的
爭艷
半導體(metal oxide semiconductors,
MOS)式檢光器
畫素擔任數位取樣角色, 聚合之電荷與光成正
比
The difference in readout has significant
CCD: The Digital Revolution
Nomenclature:
• CCD = Charge Coupled Device
- A photon detecting device that exploits the photoelectric effect and the
semiconducting properties of silicon
- The voltage generated is coupled to the intensity of the incident light
• Pixel = picture element. Each pixel is an independent photon detector
• DN = Data Number (ADU = Analog to Digital Unit)
- The output signal from a CCD. Value and range depend on the nature of
the voltage digitization. E.g. an 8-bit CCD produces DNs from 0 to 28 (0 to
255). Most CCDs are 16 bit (maximum = 65535) or higher
CCD read-out
訊號輸出的主軸區塊
PC board
Frame
Grabber
A to D
Conversion
Sensors
E to V
conversion
Ph to El
conversion
CCD 電荷傳遞
CMOS read-out
convert charge to voltage;
mot functions are integrated into the chip.
PC- board
C-MOS image sensor
dynamically
amplified
3Transistor (3T) CMOS APS
• Use sourcefollower
“amplifier” to
drive column
bus.
• Impedancematching
amplifier with a
high I/P
impedance and
M1
RST
Vpix
M2
SF
Col
Bus
Vpd
Cpd
Ipd
M3
RS
Vss
Vout
IL
夜 視 原 理
熱像儀功能
空照判讀
1 -- 正欲起飛
2 -- 停放許久
(假飛機 ?)
3 -- 剛飛走
熱像儀功能
血液循環良窳比較
F-number (F-數值)
• F數值是光通過鏡頭量大小的表示。F數
值愈小表示通過的光量多，F數值是焦距
長和有效開口的比值。
f
F /# 
D
D : 入瞳的直徑
焦距長
f:
Pupils and stops for a triplet system
Exit
Pupil
Entrance
Pupil
Marginal
Chief
描光參數
H = n uη= n' u'η'
A = n i = n' i'
n'u' = nu – hk
hi+1 = hi + ui'di'
60年代以前,描一條錯軸(skew)光線,至少需要120秒
Only one paraxial-ray is needed to be traced
初步設計
• 求解:
Seidel aberration = 0
• Total = Seidel + Horder
• 求解:
Seidel = - H-order
迫使終極解趨近於零
薄透鏡像差公式
Shape-dependent:
Spherical
aberration
Coma
Astigmatism
Distortion
2
1 4 3
n2
 n
S1   h k 

2
2
4




n

1
n
n

1


Shape-independent:
Field curvature
Axial color
Lateral color
2


n2 1 
n
2
 B  2
C  
C 
n

2
n

2




 n 1
1
2n  1 
S2   h2k 2 H 
B
C
2
n
 n(n  1)

Astigmatism
Field curvature
Distortion
Axial color
Lateral color
S3 = H2 K
S 4 = H2 K / n
S5 = 0
C1 = h 2 K / V
C2 = 0
重點: The correction of S1 and S2 .
雙片型透鏡設計
選定: 玻璃材料, 焦距,
孔徑位置, 視場
計算焦度分配:
消色差
計算結構分配:
求觧 S1, S2
聯立方程式
描光: 平衡 像差
Image Formation
Real space
Object
Fourier space
Scene
spectrum
Fourier transformation
＊ PSF
X OTF
Inverse transformation
Image
Image
spectrum
離焦影像效應
顯微鏡影像
3-D
image
Fiber Optics
Technology
Total Internal Reflection in
Fiber
How are Optical Fibre’s
made??
• Three Steps are Involved
-Making a Preform Glass Cylinder
-Drawing the Fibre’s from the
preform
-Testing the Fibre
Testing of Optical Fiber
• Tensile Strength
• Refractive Index Profile
• Fiber Geometry
• Information Carrying Capacity
• Operating temperature/humidity
range
• Ability to conduct light under water
• Attenuation
Optical Fiber Laying
• Mechanical Linking
– Includes coupling of two connectors end to end
– Optical distribution frames allow cross connect
fibers from by means of connection leads and
optical connectors
– Soldering:
• This operation is done with automatic soldering machine
that ensures:
– Alignment of fiber’s core along the 3 axis
– Visual display in real-time of the fibers soldering
– Traction test after soldering (50 g to 500 g)
Fiber optic link
The distance between
repeater amplifiers
Assumptions
1.
2.
3.
The source emits 430mW of peak pulsed power.
The fiber link exhibits 10dB/km attenuation.
The detector NEP = 10-5 W at the operating bandwidth and a
minimum SNR of 10 is required.
link loss equation dB = 10 log (Φo/Φi)
neglect coupler losses.
Solution
1.
2.
3.
The SNR of 10 required 10-4 W be incident upon
the detector.
The link will be
Φo/Φi = 0.43/10-4 = 4300
Expressed in decibels
10 log (Φo/Φi) = 36.33 dB
a 3.6 km link is possible between repeater amplifiers.
Green energy
Uses a minimum of natural resources, and results in
little or no pollution and little or no disposable waste.
• Wind
• Hydro, Wave & Tidal
• Passive/Active Solar &
Photovoltaic (active - additional
equipment used to transfer E)
• Geothermal - Ground Heat Pumps
• Energy From Waste - Landfill Gas
• Biomass - Crops, other Wastes
• Fuel Cells
budget
Air-mass
The Air Mass quantifies the reduction in
the power of light as it passes through
the atomsphere and is absorbed by air
and dust. The Air Mass is defined as:
where q is the angle from the vertical (zenith angle).
When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1.
The standard spectrum
• at the Earth's surface AM1.5G, (the G stands for
global and includes both direct and diffuse
radiation) or AM1.5D (which includes direct
radiation only).
• The intensity of AM1.5D radiation can be
approximated by reducing the AM0 spectrum by
28% (18% due to absorption and 10% to
scattering). The global spectrum is 10% higher
than the direct spectrum.
• These calculations give approximately 970 W/m2
for AM1.5G. However, the standard AM1.5G
spectrum has been normalized to give 1kW/m2
due to the convenience of the round number and
the fact that there are inherently variations in
incident solar radiation.
About Solar Cell
(photo-voltaic)
Cell
RS
ISC
RSH
RLOAD
Cell
Equivalent circuit for a solar cell with load.
Internal resistances RS and RSH represent
power loss mechanisms inside the cell.
The VI characteristic of a solar cell is
usually displayed like this:
V
I
V
I
flipped around the voltage axis.
Quantum Dot
Concentrator
QDs replace dyes in luminescent concentrators:
 QDs degrade less in sunlight
 core/shell dots high QE
 absorption edge tuned by dot size
 absorption continuous to short 
 red-shift tuned by spread in dot size
 spread fixed by growth conditions
Parabolic Trough Generating
Plant
Image of parabolic trough power plant in Kramer Junction, CA, which supplies power for the greater
Los Angeles area. This plant, in conjunction 4 other parabolic trough plants in California, can
produce as much as 354MW of electricity.
Concentration
• Power towers
– Large field of
mirriors is used to
concentrate the
sunlight.
– Concentrated
Sunlight is used to
heat molten salt
Parabolic Trough
• Sunlight focused on heat transfer
fluid (HTF), which then runs steam
turbine
Build Optical Systems
•Precision and Accuracy
•Optical tools
•Assembly, Alignment & Testing
• Collimating and Focusing
•Beam-to-Beam Alignment
Precision vs. Accuracy
random
Precision not Accuracy
Accuracy not Precision
Precision and Accuracy
Type of errors
1. Accidental: uncontrollable, may
reduced with ‘least squares’
2. Systematic: not grouped around the
standard, correction table needed
3. Short-term: short duration, repeated
observations may helpful
4. Constant: errors from all readings,
use different procedures
Optical bench
分劃讀取
Interferometer
fringes
with tilted
生產成本比較(傳統與自動化)
公 差 計 算2 準 則
I  U p'
2
2 2   dxdy (  dxdy)
 1 ( ) {

}
2

A
A
2
Statistical tolerancing
• 公差的妥善規劃能在一定的產品規範中,
有效地降低成本。
• 某些因素未必會在設計階段納入。
• 統計運算模擬, 能發揮一定的作用, 減少
試行生產的循環次數, 節省支出。
• 虛擬(virtual)生產程式, 有助於新興生
產的快速規劃, 也是累積經驗數據的最
佳方案。
規劃階段的重要性
• 越早期偵知風險, 對計畫越有利。
• 匯集專業人員, 組成評估團隊, 快速解決困
難問題, 容易發揮效果。
• 成員包括：
市場及計畫主管—充分了解產品需求, 得
以正確付託各分項專業適當的權責。
專業人員需提供完整技術資訊, 各领域間
之溝通管道務須暢通。
任務執行盡可能並行處理。
生產規劃過程支出分配
Tolerancing on Optical System