Transcript the powerpoint

NSF Consortium of Resonance and
Rayleigh Lidars
Overview:
• Consortium Description
• Science
• Technology
• Education and Training
• Community
• Budget and Challenges
• Infrastructure Improvements and Plans
What is CRRL?
Description A university-based lidar consortium with applications to
middle and upper atmosphere research.
The Na Wind/Temperature
Temperature
Wind
lidars have reached a level of
robust and reliable operation
whose measurements and
scientific contributions make
them an essential community
asset.
12
10
Absorption Cross-Section (x10 -16m2)
Absorption Cross-Section (x10-16 m2)
150 K
10
200 K
250 K
8
D2a
6
4
D2b
2
0
100 m/s
6
4
2
0
-2000
-1000
0
1000
Frequency Offset (MHz)
2000
0 m/s
50 m/s
8
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Frequency Offset (MHz)
Products:
Often a centerpiece instrument, the lidar technique provides
the most comprehensive measurement of range-resolved, neutral
gas properties in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere.
Who is CRRL?
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
PI: Gary Swenson
Co-I: Alan Liu
University of Colorado
PI: Jeff Thayer
UIUC
NWRA
Colorado Research Associates
PI: Dave Fritts
Co-I:
Biff Williams
CoRA
CRRL Director
&
Steering Committee
CSU
Colorado State University
PI: Chiao-Yao (Joe) She
Co-Is: David Krueger
and Titus Yuan
CU - CTC
Five CRRL PIs
Richard Collins
John Plane
Rolando Garcia
Collaborator: Jonathan Friedman,
Arecibo Observatory
University of Colorado
PI: Xinzhao Chu
Co-I: Wentao Huang
Where is CRRL?
Sites
CoRA Lidar
Site: Andoya, Norway
Location: 69°N, 16°E
Elevation: 380 m
CSU Lidar
Site: Fort Collins, Colorado
Location: 41°N, 105°W
Elevation: 1570 m
Andoya,
Norway
CSU
CU
UIUC
Cerro Pachon
CRRL Tech Center
Site: Boulder, Colorado
Location: 40°N, 105°W
Elevation: 1655 m
UIUC Lidar
Site (2008): Urbana, Illinois
Location: 40°N, 88°W
Elevation: 225 m
Site (2009): Cerro Pachón,
Chile
Location: 30°S, 70°W,
Elevation 2715 m
CRRL: The Four Guiding Lights
Motivation
Technology
Education
Science
Community
CRRL: Science Elements
Science
Science
Leadership
Science
Technology
CRRL
Science
Productivity
Science
Driver
CRRL: Science
Elements
Science Leadership:
Expertise in mesosphere and lower thermosphere neutral physics, dynamics and
chemistry: non-linear wave dynamics, wave momentum fluxes, wind and thermal
structure, metal chemistry, polar mesospheric clouds, climate trends…
Science Productivity:
45 articles published in Applied Optics, JGR, GRL, JASTP, etc… in past two years
Science Technology:
Technology developments have led to science advancements in other fields
Science Driver:
Na W/T lidar is a centerpiece instrument attracting science campaigns,
spacecraft validation, and model verification
- Rocket campaigns at SOR, White Sands, and Andoya
- Leonid meteor shower campaign at Starfire Optical Range (SOR)
- Multi-instrument collaboration at Maui-MALT, ALOMAR and
Cerro Pachon, Chile
- CSU diurnal-cycle studies with TIME-GCM, HAMMONIA, and TIMED
SABER
Mean-State and Tidal Temperature and Wind Climatologies
Science
Highlights
Science
• CSU Na lidar full-diurnal cycle observations of temperature, zonal and meridional wind from
2002 to 2006 allowed derivation of mean-state climatologies as well as diurnal and semidiurnal tidal perturbations.
• Mean-state climatologies and semidiurnal tidal-period perturbations compared well to global
circulation models and improved parameterizations of gravity wave sources and spectra.
references
Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature,
zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW) , and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D03105, doi:10.1029/2007JD008697, 2008.
Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region
temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JD009687, in
press, 2008.
Momentum Flux Studies of Gravity Wave-Tidal Interactions
Science
Highlights
Momentum flux on Dec. 9, 2006 derived from night-time coplanar zonal wind
observations performed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar
Science
• Over 300 hours of nighttime three-beam observations allowed determination of gravity wave
zonal momentum flux, simultaneous with full-diurnal cycle temperature as well as zonal and
meridional wind, to determine mean state and tidal-period perturbations.
• Vertical profiles of momentum flux enabled analysis of gravity-wave tidal interactions.
reference
Acott, P., Mesospheric momentum flux studies over Fort Collins, CO (41° N, 105° W), Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, in
preparation, 2008.
Solar Cycle Effects and Long-Term Trends in Temperature
Nightly Mean Temperature at 85.5km (90-06)
260
240
220
200
180
0
3
6
9
12
15
Time (Year starting Jan 01, 1990)
18
Solar Flux(81-day mean; 90-06)
Lidar Temperature (98.5km; 90-06)
250
260
-2
160
F10.7 Flux (SFU=10 Wm Hz)
Temperature (K)
Science
22
240
Highlights
Science
Solar Min
6.49
MPE
1.45
150
220
100
200
50
180
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time (Years from January 1, 1990)
• 18 years of nighttime mesopause-region temperatures have been observed by the
CRRL-CSU Na lidar in Fort Collins, CO.
• In order to analyze solar-cycle effects and long-term trends, one solar cycle of data is
required; two solar cycles are preferred.
• After taking Mount Pinatubo warming into account, temperature trends on the order of
~1 K per decade were deduced, in general agreement with global climate models.
• Global coverage of long-term data is essential to understand the solar cycle response
and long-term trends. TIMED/SABER data has provided a good start.
18
160
Temperature (K)
200
Large Amplitude Gravity Waves
Science
Lidar observations at Maui on Aug 12, 2004 show
a rapid temperature and horizontal wind change
from 90 to 95 km altitude between 6 and 10 UT.
There was also a rapid increase in Na density
during this period.
Highlights
Science
•
Large amplitude GWs (>50 K in temperature amplitude) are observed. These events have a
large impact on the environment. Lidar provides full measurements of dynamic and
thermodynamic quantities of such events, allowing detailed study of their characteristics.
references
Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a “wall” wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104,
doi:10.1029/2006JD007213.
Seasonal Variation of Gravity Wave Activity
Science
Total wind variance as function of season and altitude
at SOR.
Total temperature variance as a function of season
and altitude at SOR
Highlights
Science
•
GW activity shows strong annual and semiannual variation. They are strongest in winter, and
weakest at the equinoxes.
• GW dynamics are closely related to atmospheric stability. Convective instability is most likely
in winter while dynamic instability is most likely in summer.
references
Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire
Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.
Estimate of Eddy Diffusion from Gravity Wave Fluxes
Science
Eddy kinetic diffusion coefficient as
a function of month and altitude.
Eddy thermal diffusion coefficient as
a function of month and altitude.
Highlights
Science
•
Eddy diffusion coefficients can be estimated by applying linear GW saturation theory to the
measured GW parameters and their vertical fluxes of momentum and heat
• Estimated eddy diffusion coefficients showed strong seasonal and altitude variation. This
seasonal variation was found to be necessary for the realistic thermospheric modeling of Qian
et al.
references
Liu, A. Z. (2008). Vertical Fluxes of Gravity Waves and Their Implications for Gravity Wave Parameterization. Paper presented at the 37th
COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Montreal, Canada.
Rocket and Lidar Campaigns at ALOMAR
Science
Momentum Flux
Rockets and Lidar
Highlights
Science
• Dual-beam,day/night temperature, wind, and Na density coordinated with rockets and other
collocated lidars
• Gravity wave/tide interaction and momentum flux gradients, instabilities, and wave breaking
Multi-Lidar Thermal Structure: Latitude and Season
Science
Highlights
Science
• Temperature versus latitude plot for an entire year based on observations from the three
CRRL sodium lidars at four locations, plus the Arecibo and IAP potassium lidars
• Seven sites:1.Spitzbergen (78N), IAP, day/night 2. ALOMAR (69N), CoRA, day/night
3.Kuhlungsborn (54N), IAP, day/night 4.Fort Collins (41N), CSU, day/night 5.Starfire (35N),
UIUC, night 6.Maui (21N), UIUC, night 7.Arecibo (19N), night
CRRL: Publications
Published 2006
She, C. Y., B. P. Williams, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, J. D. Vance, J. Fiedler, P. Acott, D.
C. Fritts, F.-J. Lübken, Simultaneous observation of sodium atoms, NLC and PMSE in the summer
mesopause region above ALOMAR, Norway (69N, 12E), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 93-101,
doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.08.014, 2006.
Williams, B. P., J. D. Vance, C.-Y. She, D. C. Fritts, T. Abe, and E. Thrane, Sodium lidar measurements
of waves and instabilities near the mesopause during the Delta rocket campaign, Earth, Planets, and
Space, 58, 1131-1137, 2006.
Williams, B. P., D. C. Fritts, C. Y. She, and R. A. Goldberg, Gravity wave propagation through a large
semidiurnal tide and instabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the winter 2003
MaCWAVE rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 24, 1199-1208. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-241199, 2006.
Williams, B. P., C. Croskey, C. Y. She, J. D. Mitchell, and R. A.
Goldberg, Sporadic sodium and sporadic-E layers observed during the summer 2002
MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 1257-1266. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/200624-1257, 2006. (PDF)
Nielsen, K., M. J. Taylor, P.-D. Pautet, N. Mitchell, C. Beldon, W. Singer, D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, F. J.
Schmidlin, and R. A. Goldberg, Propagation and Ducting of Short-Period Gravity Waves at High
Latitudes during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 1227-1243, SRef-ID: 14320576/ag/2006-24-1227, 2006.
CRRL: Publications
Published 2006
Chu, X., P. Espy, G. Nott, J. Diettrich, and C. S. Gardner, Polar mesospheric clouds observed by an iron
Boltzmann lidar at Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica from 2002-2005: properties and implications,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007086, 2006.
Diettrich, J. C., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, X. Chu, and D. Riggin, Statistics of sporadic iron layer and relation
to atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, 102-113, 2006.
Goldberg, R. A., Fritts, D. C., Schmidlin, F. J., Williams, B. P., Croskey, C. L., Mitchell, J. D., Friedrich,
M., III, J. M. R., Blum, U., and Fricke, K. H., The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences
on the polar mesosphere, Annales Geophysicae, 1159-1173. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1159,
2006.
Wang L., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, R. A. Goldberg, F. J. Schmidlin, U. Blum, Gravity Waves in the
Middle Atmosphere during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign: Evidence of Mountain Wave Critical Level
Encounters, Ann. Geophys., 1209-1226, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/ 2006-24-1209, 2006.
Vance, J. D., C. Y. She, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, Q. Wu, An all-solid-state transportable
narrowband sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, 23rd
International Laser Radar Conference Proceedings (refereed), 2006.
D. S. Davis, P. Hickson, G. Herriot, and C. -Y. She, "Temporal variability of the telluric sodium layer,"
Opt. Lett., 31, 3369-3371, 2006.
CRRL: Publications
Yuan, T., C. Y. She, M. E. Hagan, T. Li, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, P. E. Acott, J. D.
Vance, and D. Krueger, Seasonal variations of diurnal tidal-period perturbations in mesopause region
temperature zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6N, 105W), J. Geophys. Res.,
111, D06103, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005486, 2006.
Xu, J., A. K. Smith, R. L. Collins, and C.-Y. She, Signature of an overturning gravity wave in the
mesospheric sodium layer: Comparison of a nonlinear photochemical-dynamical model and lidar
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006749, 2006.
Xu, J., C. Y. She, W. Yuan, C. Mertens, M. Mlynczak, and J. Russell, Comparison between the
temperature measurements by TIMED/SABER and lidar in the midlatitude, J. Geophys. Res., 111,
A10S09, doi:10.1029/2005JA011439, 2006.
Published 2007
Vargas, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., & Gobbi, D. (2007). O(1S), OH, and O2(b) airglow layer
perturbations due to AGWs and their implied effects on the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 112,
D14102, doi:10.1029/2006JD007642.
Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a "wall" wave event.
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi:10.1029/2006JD007213.
She, C.-Y., and D. A. Krueger, Laser-Induced Fluorescence: Spectroscopy in the Sky, Optics &
Photonic News (OPN), 18, 35-41, 2007.
CRRL: Publications
Hecht, J. H., Liu, A. Z., Walterscheid, R. L., Franke, S. J., Rudy, R. J., Taylor, M. J. et al. (2007).
Characteristics of short-period wavelike features near 87 km altitude from airglow and lidar
observations over Maui. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16101, doi:10.1029/2006JD008148.
Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal
momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.
Gumbel, J., Z. Y. Fan, T. Waldemarsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, E. J. Llewellyn, C.-Y. She, and J. M.
C. Plane (2007), Retrieval of global mesospheric sodium densities from the Odin satellite,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04813, doi:10.1029/2006GL028687, 2007.
She, C.-Y., J. D. Vance, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, and Q. Wu, A proposed all-solid-state
transportable narrow-band sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind
measurements, Canadian Journal of Physics, 85, 111-118, 2007.
Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, and M. T. Montgomery, Evidence of a gravity wave breaking event and
the estimation of the wave characteristics from sodium lidar observation over Fort Collins, CO
(41°N, 105°W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05815, doi:10.1029/2006GL028988, 2007.
She, C. -Y.,,J. Yue, Z. -A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J. -J. Guo, S. -H. Wu, and Z. -S. Liu, "Direct-detection
Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes–Mie lidar: A. Comparison between iodine vapor filter
and Fabry–Perot interferometer methods," Appl. Opt., 46, 4434-4443, 2007.
She, C.-Y., J. Yue and Z.-A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J.-J. Guo, S.-H. Wu and Z.-S. Liu, Direct-detection
Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes-Mie lidar: B. Impact of aerosol variation on iodine
vapor filter methods, Appl. Opt., 46, 4444-4454, 2007.
CRRL: Publications
Shiokawa, K, Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T., Ogawa1, H. Takahashi, D.
Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi and T. Shimomai, Development of
airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, 585599, 2007.
Williams, B. P., J. Sherman, C. Y. She, and F. T. Berkey, Coincident extremely large sporadic
sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah,
Annales Geophysicae, 25, 3-8, 2007.
Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T. Ogawa, H. Takahashi, D.
Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi, and T. Shimomai, Development of
airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, 585599, 2007.
Liu, H.-L., T. Li, C.-Y. She, J. Oberheide, Q. Wu, M. E. Hagan, J. Xu, R. G. Roble, M. G. Mlynczak,
and J. M. Russell III, Comparative study of short term diurnal tidal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 112,
D18108, doi:10.1029/2007JD008542, 2007.
Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, T. Leblanc, and I. S. McDermid , Sodium lidar observed strong inertiagravity wave activities in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), J. Geophys.
Res., 112, D22104, doi:10.1029/2007JD008681, 2007.
Friedman, J. S., and X. Chu, Nocturnal temperature structure in the mesopause region over the
Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W): Seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research,
112, D14107, doi:10.1029/2006JD008220, 2007.
CRRL: Publications
Published 2008
Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt,
Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins,
CO (41ºN, 105ºW) , and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105,
doi:10.1029/2007JD008697, 2008.
Li, T., C.-Y. She, S. E. Palo, Q. Wu, H.-L. Liu, and M. L. Salby, Coordinated Lidar and TIMED
observations of the quasi-two-day wave during August 2002-2004 and possible quasi-biennial
oscillation influence, Advances in Space Research, 41, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.052, 2008.
Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, J. Stadsnes, M. Sørbø, U.-P. Hoppe, B. P.
Williams, F. Honary and D. S. Evans, Upper-mesospheric temperatures measured during the
January 2005 Solar Proton Events, Annales Geophysicae, 26, 2515-2529, SRef-ID: 14320576/angeo/2008-26-2515, 2008.
Heinrich, D., H. Nesse, U. Blum, P. Acott, B. P. Williams, U.-P.
Hoppe, Summer sudden Na number density enhancements measured with the ALOMAR Weber
Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, 1057-1069, SRef-ID:
1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-1057, 2008.
Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, J. Stadsnes, M. Rietveld, W. Singer, U. Blum,
M. Sandanger, and E. Trondsen, A Case Study of a Sporadic Sodium Layer Observed by the
ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, 10711081, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-1071, 2008.
CRRL: Publications
Published 2008
Chu, X., Advances in Middle Atmosphere Research with LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International
Laser Radar Conference, invited paper, pp. 769-772, 2008.
Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, and J. P. Thayer, MRI: Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler
lidar principle, design, and analysis, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp.
801-804, 2008.
Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption and
Polarization Spectroscopy for Resonance Fluorescence Doppler Lidars, Proceeding of the 24th
International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 809-812, 2008.
Huang, W., X. Chu, B. P. Williams, J. Wiig, CRRL/CTC: Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (NaDEMOF) for Wind and Temperature Profiling in lower atmosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International
Laser Radar Conference, pp. 805-808, 2008.
Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: LabVIEW-Software-Based Laser
Frequency Locking Servo System for Atmospheric Doppler LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International
Laser Radar Conference, pp. 141-144, 2008.
Talaat, E. R., T. E. Sarris, A. Papayannis, E. Armandillo, X. Chu, M. Daly, P. Dietrich, and V. Antakis,
GLEME: Global Lidar Exploration of the Mesosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar
Conference, pp. 832-834, 2008.
Friedman, J., I. Gonzalez, and W. Huang, Faraday filter: A comparison between hot and cold cell design,
Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 835-837, 2008.
CRRL: Publications
Accepted 2008
Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of
semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds
above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JD009687, in
press, 2008.
Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, and A. T. Brown, LabVIEW-based laser frequency
stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar application,
Optical Engineering, in press, 2008.
Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M.
Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the
ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., in press,
2008.
CRRL: Publications
Submitted during 2008
Yue, J., S. L. Vadas, C.-Y. She, T. Nakamura, S. Reising, D. Krueger, H. Liu, P. Stamus, D.
Thorsen, W. Lyons, and T. Li, A study of OH imager observed concentric gravity waves near Fort
Collins on May 11, 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted, 2008.
Vadas, S. L., J. Yue, C.-Y. She and P. Stamus, The effects of winds on concentric rings of gravity
waves from a thunderstorm near Fort Collins in May 2004, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2008.
Drob, D. P., J. T. Emmert, G. Crowley, J. M. Picone, G. G. Shepherd, W. Skinner, Paul Hayes, R.
J. Niciejewski, M. Larsen, C.Y. She, J. W. Meriwether, G. Hernandez, M. J. Jarvis, D. P. Sipler, C.
A. Tepley, M. S. O’Brien, J. R. Bowman, Q. Wu, Y. Murayama, S. Kawamura, I.M. Reid, and R. A.
Vincent, An Empirical Model of the Earth’s Horizontal Wind Fields: HWM07, J. Geophys. Res.,
submitted, 2008.
Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M.
Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the
ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, JASTP, accepted, 2008.
Chu, X., C. Yamashita, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, E. J. Jensen, H.-L. Liu, W. Huang, and J. P. Thayer,
Responses of polar mesospheric cloud brightness to stratospheric gravity waves at the South
Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, revised,
2008.
CRRL: Technology
CRRL
Tech Center
Tech
Support
CRRL
Innovation
Collaboration
CRRL Technology Center (CTC)
Overview
CTC Director:
Dr. Xinzhao Chu
University of Colorado
Established 2006
Table Mountain Observatory, North Boulder
CTC Technology Innovation

High-resolution Doppler-free spectroscopy on Na, K, Rb, and Cs (three types):
saturation-fluorescence, saturation-absorption, and polarization spectroscopy

LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection
servo loop for Doppler lidar

MRI Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler Lidar

Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for extending Na lidar
measurements into lower atmosphere

Beam steering and optimization

Faraday filter for daytime measurements

Feasibility study of spaceborne mesosphere lidar with European Space Agency

Lidar receiver chopper synchronization at Arecibo

K Faraday filter development and tests
CTC Technology Support within CRRL

Travel to UIUC three times to fix ring dye laser and advise on
laser freq locking

Consultant to UIUC group (onsite and off-site)

CTC personnel participate in CSU lidar data collection
campaigns

Advice and equipment to CoRA/ALOMAR

Implement K saturation-absorption spectroscopy and
LabVIEW-based laser locking program to Arecibo K lidar

Assisted Arecibo in Faraday filter test and beam steering
Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy
Technology
1st Fe Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption
Spectroscopy obtained with the MRI Lidar
372-nm Fe
Absorption
Doppler-Free
56Fe Peak
Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy
PD
Fe-Ar Discharge Cell
372 nm
ECDL
372 nm
Isolator
PDH + PID
CTC Technology Support outside CRRL

Organize 24th ILRC and engage ILRC community

Organize CEDAR and CRRL Workshops

University of New Mexico GW/lidar proposal (John McGraw)

Advise Greek/US Groups for Spaceborne lidar competition in
ESA

Advise CAS group for Na Doppler lidar development

Advice to U. Alaska Fairbanks lidar group

Advice to Arecibo Ca/Ca+ lidar
CRRL Technology Development
CSU:
Chirp Stability Mechanism
Sum Frequency Generation of 589 nm light using Periodically Poled Lithium
Niobate
Implemented as a CW seeder in the ALOMAR lidar and a frequency
marker in the Shinshu/Nagoya University Na mobile lidar
Three-Beam Setup for All-Year Observations of T, U & V
UIUC:
Development of a high efficiency receiver system
New software and hardware were developed for laser control and frequency
shift
New data acquisition software and hardware allows
simultaneous multi-channel input and beam steering
CRRL: Education and Training Elements
Graduate
Students
U-graduate
Students
Guest
Investigators
CRRL
Community
Researchers
CRRL: Education and Training
Graduate Students:
PhD and masters students in Electrical Engineering, Physics, Atmospheric
Science and Aerospace Engineering
CSU has graduated 15 PhD students in lidar sensing
(1991 – 2008) and 2 PhD students presently enrolled in Physics
and 1 PhD student enrolled in EE
UIUC has graduated 2 PhD students since CRRL was established and
1 PhD and 2 masters students presently enrolled in EE and 2 PhD
students in atmospheric science involved in lidar sensing
CU has 5 PhD and 2 masters students in lidar sensing enrolled in
Aerospace Engineering
CoRA trained 2 PhD Norwegian and German students (Hilde Nesse, U.
Bergen, Ph.D. 2008; Daniela Heinrich, U. Oslo, Ph.D.2008)
Undergraduate Students:
Training in electro-optics, atmospheric science, data acquisition, laser systems,
diagnostic equipment
CoRA trained Jorgen Osterpart, undergrad, U. Tromso, Natalie Muller,
undergraduate, U. Heidelberg
CSU hosted Mr. Stefan Schweiger, undergraduate student, University of
Applied Sciences, Regensburg, Germany and supported an
independent study by Mr. Jason Hahn, CSU undergraduate in
Physics
CRRL: Graduate Students (UIUC)
Student
Academic Year
Institution
Advisor
Subject
Scott Anderson
PhD in 2008
University of
Illinois
G. Swenson
Airglow
tomography
Chad Carlson
PhD in 2009
University of
Illinois
G. Swenson
He thermospheric
lidar, Na lidar
Xian Lu
PhD in 2011
University of
Illinois
A. Liu
GW saturation and
dissipation
Zhenhua Li
PhD in 2010
University of
Illinois
A. Liu
GW source and
propagation
Tony Mangognia
MS in 2009
University of
Illinois
G. Swenson
Photometer, Lidar
receiver
Ben Graf
MS in 2009
University of
Illinois
G. Swenson
Lidar data
acquisition
Austin Kirchoff
MS in 2007
University of
Illinois
G. Swenson
Lidar frequency
locking and control
Fabio Vargas
PhD in 2008
INPE, Brazil
G. Swenson
Airglow modeling
CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)
Student
Academic Year
Institution
Advisor
Subject
Johannes Wiig
PhD in 2010
University of
Colorado
X. Chu
Lidar tech development;
instability study; Na
climatology
Chihoko Yamashita
M.S. in 2008
University of
Colorado
X. Chu
Lidar data analysis for
gravity waves in Antarctica
Chihoko Yamashita
PhD in 2010
University of
Colorado
X. Chu & H.-L.
Liu
Gravity wave modeling and
data analysis
John A. Smith
M.S. in 2009
PhD in 2012
University of
Colorado
X. Chu
Laser frequency control;
Lidar tech innovation; MLT
science
Bo Tan
PhD in 2012
University of
Colorado
X. Chu
Lidar instrumentation;
MLT science
Jonathan Fentzke
PhD in 2009
University of
Colorado
X. Chu & D.
Janches
Lidar DAQ development;
meteor modeling; data
analysis
Paloma Farias
M.S. in 2008
University of
Colorado
X. Chu
Arecibo K Doppler lidar
control and DAQ
CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)
Student
Academic Year
Institution
Advisor
Subject
Arvind Talukdar
B.S. in 2008
University of
Colorado
X. Chu
Lidar electronics
Matt Hayman
PhD in 2009
University of
Colorado
J. P. Thayer
Lidar receiver design and
development; polarization
lidar data analysis of PMC
Katelynn Greer
MS in 2009
University of
Colorado
J. P. Thayer
Lidar data analysis and
operation
Steven Mitchell
PhD in 2011
University of
Colorado
J. P. Thayer
Laser altimeter
development; lidar data
analysis
CRRL: Graduate Students (CSU)
Student
Academic Year
Institution
Advisor
Subject
Philip Acott
PhD in 2008
Colorado State
University
C. -Y. She and D.
A. Krueger
Mesospheric
momentum flux
studies
Jia Yue
PhD in 2009
Colorado State
University
C. -Y. She and S. C.
Reising
ConvectivelyGenerated Gravity
Waves and Gravity
Wave Ducting
Sean Harrell
PhD in 2009
Colorado State
University
C. -Y. She and D. .
Krueger
Faraday FilterBased Spectrometer
to Measure Sodium
Nightglow D2/D1
Intensity Ratios
CRRL: Education and Training
Training
Community Researchers:
Training on data usage and applicability
Examples
CRRL hosted 3 CEDAR workshops on Lidar science and technology
CSU hosted Mr. Zhaoai Yan, graduate student, Ocean University of China in
QingDao, ShanTung, China, 2006 – 2007
CSU hosted Mr. Sebastian Knitter, graduate student, University of Rostock,
Germany, 2006 – 2007
CoRA Trained Norwegian (U. Tromso, U. Bergen, U. Oslo) and German students to
operate lidar, including 4 female students/engineers ->3 recent first author
papers
CoRA participated in Norwegian Space Camp at Andoya Rocket Ranage
Regular tours by B. Williams and Norwegian colleagues
CRRL: Education and Training
Training
Guest Investigators:
Support investigators at the various CRRL sites for experiments, training and
collaboration.
Not Supported by CRRL:
Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CU through CIRES visiting fellowship,
Fall 2008
Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008
Dr. Deepak Simkhada of USU visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008 / Spring 2009
CRRL: Community Elements
Community
Science Programs
CEDAR
International Laser Radar
community
Layered Phenomena of the
Mesopause region
International collaborations
Sounding rockets
TIMED
Agency Support
NSF Upper Atmosphere
NSF Astronomy
Air Force
NASA
Operations &
Maintenance
Users &
Collaborators
Data
CRRL
Outreach
CRRL: Community
Operations and Maintenance: - Personnel, equipment and hours
CSU: 18 years of regular nighttime operations (since 1990), continuous 24hour observations (2002-present)
CoRA: 8 years of daytime and nighttime operations
UIUC: 2 years of observations at SOR (1998-2000), 5 years at Maui (2001-2005),
major equipment modification and operation at Urbana, Il (2006-2008),
relocation to Cerra Pachon, Chile (2009)
Data dissemination / Analysis / Archival:
CEDAR database and public websites
Outreach:
CEDAR workshops in 2006-2008
Lidar course development at CU
International Laser Radar Conference exhibit booth
Host to numerous students and researchers
Collaborators:
NCAR, TIMED, Maui-MALT enterprise, AURA astronomy program, Arecibo
Observatory, Utah State University, Clemson University, Aerospace Corporation,
Andoya Rocket Range, Norwegian Defense Establishment, Norwegian Naval
Academy, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Leeds
CRRL: CSU Lidar Users/Collaborators
Data Base
CSU Lidar Data User
Thirry LeBlanc
Tao Li
Stuart McDermid
Zhilin Hu
Sharon Vadas
Walter Lyons
Jim Russell
Institution / Country
CalTech/NASA JPL
CalTech/NASA JPL
CalTech/NASA JPL
Case Western Reserve Univ.
CoRA
FMA
Hampton University
Didier Fussen
Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de
Belgique, Belgium
Frank Mulligan
Sam Yee
Elsayed Talaat
Takuji Nakamura
Irish National University
JHU/APL
JHU/APL
Kyoto Univ., Japan
Hauke Schmidt
Larisa Goncharenko
Max Planck Institute for
Meteorology Hamburg, Germany
CSU Lidar Data User
K. Shiokawa
Artem Feofilov
Richard Goldberg
Marty Mlynzack
Rolando Garcia
Han-Li Liu
Raymond Roble
Fabrizio Sassi
Qian Wu
Douglas Drob
Taku Kawahara
Tom Slanger
J. Gumbeli
John Plane
Denise Thorsen
Institution / Country
Nagoya University, Japan
NASA/Goddard
NASA/Goddard
NASA/Langley
NCAR
NCAR
NCAR
NCAR
NCAR
NRL/DC
Shinshu Univ., Japan
SRI
Stockholm University, Sweden
Univ. of Leeds
Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks
MIT Haystack Observatory
Paul Hickson
University of British Columbia,
Canada
CRRL: UIUC Lidar Users/Collaborators
Data Base
UIUC Lidar Data User
Jim Hecht
Mike Taylor
John Plane
Taku Kawahara
Miguel Larsen
Lucus Hurd
Xiaoqian Zhou
Institution / Country
Aerospace Corporation
Utah State Univ.
Univ. of Leeds
Shinshu Univ., Japan
Clemson Univ.
Clemson Univ.
Clemson Univ
Steve Franke
Univ. Of Illinois
Jacques Sebag
Jonathan Friedman
AURA
Arecibo
CRRL: CoRA International Collaborations
Andoya Rocket Range/ALOMAR Observatory

1/3 of site fees, part of operating expenses

Lidar capability enhances rocket campaigns

Three trained on-site observers
FFI (Norwegian Defense Establishment)

1/3 site fee, two grad students, postdoc

Two undergraduate students this year
IAP, Germany

ECOMA rocket campaigns

1.8 m telescopes

Combined temperature profiles
CRRL: CoRA Lidar Observations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Observing hours increasing with time
2008 best year with ~230 hours and data in every month so far
1,100 hours data in last 8 years
Data distributed to ARR, FFI, IAP, U. Leeds, MISU, Bulgarian Institute
of Geophysics and other collaborators in ground and space-based
campaigns.
Hours of Observations
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
CRRL: UIUC Lidar Observations
1.
2.
3.
4.
1998-2000 at SOR, 400 hours, cover every calendar month except July.
2001-2005 at Maui, 250 hours, cover 7 calendar months
High accuracy with best signal obtained with large Air Force telescopes
Data is available online and used by various collaborators.
CRRL: Budgets and Challenges
Budget
Disabled:
Dollars
Consortium Proposed vs. Awarded Budget
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
Proposed
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Awarded
1
2
3
4
5
 Guest Investigator Program
 CTC travel to sites
 Lidar school
 No equipment upgrade funds
Reduced:
 Observations at all three sites
 GRA and post-doc support
Award Years
Enabled:
 New lidar community technology center
 New lidar observatory in Chile
 Work force development by providing a foundation to increase the
number of PhD and masters degrees
 Stability for international collaboration and leveraging for other
programs
 Developed a sense of community for lidar research and middle
atmosphere studies
Cost Sharing in Support of CRRL
UIUC:
$60k of labor by PI and students
$90-120k in building costs for the Andes Lidar Observatory
CU:
$160k costs in lidar equipment
$70k costs in a new mobile lidar container (20’x8’)
In-kind contribution from NOAA for access to a new 1600 ft2 lidar building in North
Boulder
CSU:
$40k of labor by Co-I’s
CoRA:
$700k of AFOSR DURIP funds to develop the sodium lidar system at ALOMAR
AFOSR also supported first year of CRRL operations
$60k contributions from ALOMAR/ARR for sodium lidar receiver components in
addition to free use of the multimillion dollar 1.8 m telescopes
$20k/yr funds from Andoya Rocket Range to lessen site support costs in return for
advertising the lidar as a resource for rocket experiments
$20k/yr funds from FFI to further lessen site support costs
CRRL: Work Breakdown Structure
Budget
Science applications
45%
Education and training
activities
5%
User Support
5%
Logistics/Management
10%
Does not include
cost-sharing funds nor
MRI development
Operation and
Maintenance
30%
Equipment costs
5%
CRRL: Challenges
Operations and Maintenance: - Goal is to achieve 1000 hours per year
Fundamental to achieving the CRRL goals is the underlying necessity to retain
personnel at these institutions capable of performing instrument development, flexible
observations, maintenance, repairs, and replacement of outdated and inadequate equipment.
Although we are working internally to resolve this common need by consolidation of skills,
some aspects of this underlying need remain significant issues at all three lidar sites.
CSU:
Lidar operations have been reduced from the previous level of 1000-1500 hours per
year during 2002-2005 to only 400-700 hours per year from 2006 to present due to limited
number of operators. This reduces the CRRL science output and user data availability
UIUC:
Lidar operations of the past two years have been few due to the major system
reconstruction. ALO annual operations will consist of two, two week periods.
CoRA:
Lidar operations have improved to 200+ hours with Norwegian operators but system
maintenance and improvements can only be implemented with travel by CoRA personnel (Biff
Williams)
CRRL: Infrastructure Plans / Needs
Near-Term Infrastructure Needs:
ALL:
The laser transmitters for all these systems are highly sophisticated and require maintenance
and replacement parts. UIUC and CSU laser systems have been running successfully
for many years but require extensive maintenance.
CSU:
Purchase a third 76 cm (30”) telescope to achieve reliable signal-to-noise ratio for simultaneous
temperature, zonal and meridional wind observations ($30k)
UIUC:
Andes Lidar Observatory in 2009
shipping and installation of lidar system (NSF supplement of $67k)
annual site usage fee ($40k)
remote operations and maintenance (limited)
CRRL: Infrastructure Plans / Needs
Near-term Infrastructure Plans / Needs, cont’d:
CoRA:
Improve power of seed beam with higher power IR lasers while maintaining
robustness.
Add 75cm telescope to measure meridional winds while the two 1.8m telescopes
measure zonal momentum flux
CTC:
Develop daytime capability for UIUC system
Fifth year support for PhD student
Travel funds to visit CRRL sites and lend technical support
Maintain and operate the Table Mountain lidar test facility in North Boulder ($15k/year)
Improve diagnostic equipment necessary for technology development
Infrastructure Plan for Mobile, Fe-resonance,
Doppler, Rayleigh , Mie Lidar
Major Research Instrumentation
Infrastructure Plan for ALO
Facility instrument
– Lidar (Gary Swenson)
– All sky Imager (Alan Liu)
– Photometer (Alan Liu)
– Temperature Mapper (Mike
Taylor, Utah State Univ)
– Infrared camera (Jim Hecht)
– Meteor radar (Steve
Franke)
Andes Lidar Observatory
– Building of the observatory is funded by the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering at UIUC.
– Once the bidding is finalized, it will be built and be ready in two
months, est. Jan 2009.
CRRL: Long-Term Issues
Retirement of Joe She at CSU:
CSU is presently pursuing a lidar faculty position in EE
Extended operations of the ALO:
Andes Lidar Observatory is presently planned for limited observations based on
travel funds and personnel to two, two-week campaigns
Incorporation of the MRI-developed, mobile, W/T, Fe-resonance lidar:
The MRI funded effort only includes the construction of the system not O&M
Involvement of other lidar stations with CRRL:
Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland
(67°N, 51°W), SRI International: Broadband Rayleigh lidar, Broadband
resonance lidar.
Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), University of Alaska:
Broadband resonance lidar, Broadband Rayleigh lidar (with
Communications Research Laboratory).
Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18°N, 67°W), National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center:
Broadband resonance lidar, Narrowband resonance lidar (K Doppler
technique).
Logan, Utah (42°N, 112°W), Utah State University (USU): Broadband Rayleigh
lidar.
Facility Challenges: As a University-Based
Facility, Budgets Impact Students
Challenges
Student Impact:
Students serve as the work force for operations, maintenance, technology
development, science productivity, and future innovations.
Budget Impact:
Facility budget fluctuations and pressures related to operations and data for
community usage has a direct impact on students whose support requires consistency and
stability to complete degrees
Facility Challenges: Keeping all Elements
Well Balanced
Challenges
CRRL
Tech Center
Science
Technology
Collaboration
Operations &
Maintenance
Science
Leadership
Training
Education
Science
Driver
Data
Outreach
Science
Productivity
Innovation
Seasonal Variation of Momentum and Heat Fluxes
Science
Seasonal variation of zonal and meridional momentum fluxes
Seasonal variation of heat flux
Highlights
Science
•
Maui and SOR are the only sites where estimates of both momentum and heat fluxes were
possible. This is because both off-zenith and zenith measurements were made, and the
coupling with the large telescope enabled reliable estimates of the small heat flux.
• Seasonal variation of momentum flux is consistent with background wind variation according
to the wave filtering mechanism; Heat flux is consistent with theoretical predictions of
downward flux, and its seasonal variation is closely related to atmospheric stability.
references
Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire
Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.
Instabilities and Gravity Wave Breaking
Science
Richardson number derived from lidar wind and
temperature measurements on Apr. 11, 2002 at Maui,
Hawaii, showing both dynamic (yellow) and convective
(red) instabilities.
Highlights
On Oct. 28, 2003, multiple waves were observed in OH airglow
imager at Maui (left). One wave (B) propagated into a
marginally stable region and drove the atmosphere to be
dynamically unstable. The wave broke into ripples observed by
the imager (right).
Science
• High resolution lidar measurements enable detailed examination of instabilities induced by gravity
wave breaking and wave-wave interaction.
• Lidar observations can be combined with other instruments, such as airglow imagers and rocketdeployed sensors, to study wave breaking and turbulence processes in detail.
references
Li, F., Liu, A. Z., Swenson, G. R., Hecht, J. H., & Robinson, W. A. (2005). Observations of gravity wave breakdown into ripples associated with
dynamical instabilities. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S11, doi:10.1029/2004JD004849.
Li, F., Liu, A. Z., & Swenson, G. R. (2005). Characteristics of instabilities in the mesopause region over Maui, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S12,
doi:10.1029/2004JD005097.
Liu, A. Z., Roble, R. G., Hecht, J. H., Larsen, M. F., & Gardner, C. S. (2004). Unstable layers in the mesopause region observed with Na lidar during the
Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) campaign. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02S02, doi:10.1029/2002JD003056.