Transcript Lecture

1
BY:
Dr.Izhar-ul-Haq
ICT, IBA
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OPTICAL FIBRE
The filament of glass capable of carrying
information in the form of light. The solid piece
of glass consist of a core (core region), cladding
(center region) and coating.
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FIBRE CROSS SECTION
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FIBRE CROSS SECTION
CORE
The central region of an optical fibre through which light
is transmitted.
CLADDING
The glass layer surrounding the core of an optical fibre.
The cladding must have a lower index of reflection to
keep the light in the core.
COATING
An acrylate polymier material put on a fibre during the
draw process to protect from the environment and rough
handling.
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HOW FIBRE WORKS
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TYPES OF FIBRES
1.
SINGLE-MODE
2.
MULTI-MODE
SINGLE-MODE
In single-mode fibre only one ray, or mode, of light
propagates down the core at a time. It is used
primarily for telephony and cable television
applications, and is used increasingly for campus
backbones.
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MULTI-MODE
Multi-mode fibre was the first type of fibre to be
commercialized and is commonly used for data
communications. In multi-mode fibre many rays, or
modes, of light propagate down the core
simultaneously. Multi-mode fibre typically is used
in private premises networks, where signals are
transmitted less than two kilometers.
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
SINGLE-MODE
1.
Diameter of core is less
2.
Only one mode is propagated
3.
Used for Short Haul & Long Haul Transmission
MULTI-MODE
1.
Diameter of core is more
2.
More than one mode are propagated
3.
Used for Short Haul transmission
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ATTENUATION
The decrease of power of a signal during transmission
between points.
A term used for expressing the total loss of an optical
system, normally measured in decibels (db) at a specific
wave length expressed as db/Km
DISPERSION
It refers to the spreading or broadening of a pulse
traveling through the fibre. Eventually pulse broaden to
the point where they cannot be distinguished from each
other causing bit errors.
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TYPES OF DISPERSION
1.
CHROMATIC DISPERSION
A type of dispersion that causes broadening of input pulses
along the length of fibre. It is due to the different
wavelengths of light travelling at different speeds through
fibre.
2.
MODAL DISPERSION
It is caused by different optical path lengths in a multi
mode fibre.
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TRANSMISSION WINDOWS
The wavelengths, at which attenuation is less is
called transmission windows and there are three
windows
850 nm
Normally used in multi-mode
1300 nm
Normally used in single-mode
1550 nm
Normally used in single-mode
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OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Fibres
Slotted
Core
Inner
Polly-ethylene
Middle sheet
Steel Armoring
Polly-ethylene
Polly-ethylene
sheet
sheet
Strengthening
member
Corrugated
steel
tape
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OLEX CABLE
SIX SLOTS
SLOT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NO. OF FIBRES
4
4
2
4
4
Vacant
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SPLICING OF OPTICAL FIBRE
1.
STRIPPING
2.
CLEANING
3.
CLEAVNG
4.
PLACING OF FIBRES IS SPLICING M/C
5.
HEATING
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WHY OPTICAL FIBRE


Enormous Potential Bandwidth

Electrical Isolation

Immunity to interference & cross talk

Signal security

Low transmission loss

Ruggedness & Flexibility
Small size & weight
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APPLICATION DEMANDS OF FIBRE
VOICE
Although voice does not inherently require the
speeds of fibre, it is the multiplexing of thousands
of voice calls onto a single fibre that will aid in the
deployment.
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DATA
Data speeds will continue to increase beyond what
we currently use. Today, dialup user can get 28.8 -
56 Kbps depending on the existing COPPER
NETWORK. Future speeds in the multi - Mbps
range will not be possible without OPTICAL
FIBRE.
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VIDEO
Real-time video requires higher speed, which today
is unrealistic and prohibitively priced in COPPER
network, however video to the desk for
simultaneous conversations at dozens to hundreds
of desks will require much higher aggregated
bandwidth that only OPTICAL FIBRE can
deliver.
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COMPUTER
CONFERENCING
Host-to-host and client server computing systems
are going to demand much more from our
communications infrastructure.
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LAN to LAN
Transparency across LAN boundaries at speeds
approximating 155 Mbps to every desk will obviate
all other technological advances and demand the
FIBRE TO THE DESK.
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LAN to WAN
Just as LAN boundaries need to be crossed, the
wider area will be stressed to keep up with the
demands of the future bandwidth.
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HOST TO HOST
In large Networks backup between host
computers will keep up the pace on the
bandwidth needs.
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MULTIMEDIA
Linking voice, data, LAN, and video traffic
simultaneously will be a big hit in the future.
The fibre in the backbone and to the desk will
make it happen.
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MEDICAL IMAGING
Teleradiology, telemedicine, and other
imaging systems will demand that the
capacities of the fibre be placed to any
location and at any desk for on-demand
dial-up services.
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
1985 - 1986
IBA-I(S/Town) - RP
GEC
34 Mbit/s
KR (P/C) - KR (M/Rd)
GEC
34 Mbit/s
LH (Eg/Rd) - LH (G/Town) GEC
34 Mbit/s
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
1993
RP-LH-KR
STC Alcatel
565 Mbit/s
FA-LH-GJR
STC Alcatel
565 Mbit/s
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
1994
SU-SKP-LRK
Ericsson
565 Mbit/s
GJR - SI
Fujitsu
140 Mbit/s
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
1995
TXL-AT-Ghazikot
Ericsson
140 Mbit/s
RP - PE
Fujitsu
565 Mbit/s
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
1996
NSH - MDN
Ericsson
140 Mbit/s
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
1998
PE - KR (Alt)
NEC
622 Mbit/s
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OPTICAL FIBRE HISTORY IN PTCL
2000
SU-SKP-QT
CTI Siemens
622 Mbit/s
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YEAR WISE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
LENGTH
6216
7000
5265
6000
4338 4442
5000
4000
3000
1946
2353 2706
2730
4792
2730
2000
1000
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
6/02
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R AWA L P I N D I
565 Mbit/s
ALCATEL
(LOAL) LINK
JEHLUM
KHARIAN
SARGODHA
FAISALABAD
SAHIWAL
GUJRANWALA
LAHORE
MULTAN
RAHIM YAR
KHAN
Optical Fibre Terminal
HYDERABAD
KARACHI
P/CAP
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MARDAN
565/140 Mbit/s
ERICSSON
NETWORK
NOWSHERA
MANSEHRA
AT
HRP
RP
TXL
GJK
KCT
SGD
GJR
LH
FA
SWL
ML
R.Y.K
SKP
LRK
LEGEND
SU
MORO
HS
565 Mbit/s O.F. Terminal
140 Mbit/s O.F. Terminal
KR (P/CAP)
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PESHAWAR
CITY
IBA
TAXILA R P
JLM
KCT
SI
GJR
565/140 Mbit/s
FUJITSU
NETWORK
SAHIWAL
ARIFWALA
BUREWALA
Nawabshah
LEGEND
O. F. Terminal
HALA
HYDERABAD
565 Mbit/s Fujitsu
140 Mbit/s Fujitsu
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PESHAWAR
CANTT
622 MBIT/S NEC
(ALTERNATE) LINK
BANNU
D.I.KHAN
CHOWK
QURESHI
NEW MULTAN
D.G.KHAN
SHIKARPUR
LARKANA
DADU
LEGEND
O. F. Terminal
O. F. Reg/Add Drop
Olex Cable
KOTRI
KARACHI
M/ROAD
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PESHAWAR(b)
565 Mbit/s
ALCATEL
(MAIN & PROT)
LINK
GUJRANWALA
FA
LAHORE
LEGEND
SKP
O. F Terminal (Main Link)
HS
O. F Terminal (Protection)
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NATIONAL
OPTICAL FIBRE
NETWORK
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39
THANK YOU
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