Transcript Refraction
Refraction
Light
http://arrowheadradio.com/images/fiber-optics.jpg
Tends to travel in
straight lines
If you need to bend
light or shine it into
difficult-to-reach
places, optical
fibres can be used
Fibre Optics
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/fiber-optic-fiber-edit.jpg
Fiber optics (optical fibers)
are long, thin strands of
very pure glass about the
diameter of a human hair.
Core - Thin glass center of
the fiber where the light
travels
Cladding - Outer optical
material surrounding the
core that reflects the light
back into the core
Buffer coating - Plastic
coating that protects the
fiber from damage and
moisture
Refraction
http://thescienceroom.pbworks.com/f/brokpen.jpg
Light also bends when
it passes from one
medium into another
such as from water to
air
The pencil appears to
bend because light rays
change direction as the
move between mediums
Refraction in a Pool
http://www.wildpackets.com/images/compendium/FDRflct.gif
You may have stood
by a pool and seen
an object on the
bottom that you
want to pick up
When you dived in
to get the object, it
wasn’t where it
appeared to be
Why?
This happens because the light rays change
direction at the surface of the water as
they pass between the water and the air
When we view the refracted light rays we
assume they have traveled in a straight line
If you trace the light rays back in a straight
line you will find that they don’t lead to the
object
How Light Refracts
If light strikes a
new medium at and
angle it will bend
Think of a light
beam as the leading
edge of a wave, the
part that strikes
the surface first
slows down
How Light Refracts
http://optics.mbhs.edu/snells-law/image1.JPG
As light enters the
plastic block it slows
down and refracts
As light leaves the
block and enters the
air it speeds up and
refracts
Light does not refract
inside the block, only
when changing mediums
Speed of Light
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ay.jpg
In a vacuum, light
travels at almost 300
million m/s or 3.0X108
m/s
Light travels almost
that fast in air
The more dense the
medium, the slower
light can travel through
it.
The Index of Refraction
The amount by which a transparent medium
decreases the speed of light is indicated by
a number called the index of refraction
The larger the refractive index, the more
the medium decreases the speed of light
The refractive index of the speed of light in
a vacuum (and approx. air) is 1.00
Calculating the Index of
Refraction
Index of refraction =
Speed of light in a vacuum
Speed of light in medium
Or
n = c/v
The refractive
index of a medium,
n, is calculated by
comparing the
speed of light in the
medium, v, with the
speed of light in a
vacuum, c.
Practice
Read example problems page
438
Do all 6 calculations page
438
Angles of Refraction
Angles of refracted
light rays are
usually measured
from the normal,
drawn at 90º to the
surface where the
light ray crosses
between two media
Low to High Refractive Index
When light travels
from air, with a low
refractive index to
water, with a high
refractive index, it
bends toward the
normal
Low to High Refractive Index
When light travels
from water, with a
higher refractive index
(denser medium) to air,
with a lower refractive
index (less dense
medium), it bends away
from the normal
Dispersion
http://www.educationalelectronicsusa.com/l/images/light-XVa.gif
The splitting of a ray into its component
colours is known as dispersion of light and
the band of colours is known as a spectrum
Rainbows
The most common type
of dispersion is in the
formation of a rainbow
When sunlight passes
through a rain drop,
some of the light is
refracted, once on
entering and again on
exiting the drop
Both refractions cause
separation of the white
light
Snell’s Law
A formula that uses
the index of
refraction to
calculate the new
angle that a ray will
take as a beam of
light strikes the
interface between
two media
Calculations with Snell’s Law
n1 sin 1= n2 sin 2
Let the indices of the
two media be n1 and n2
Let the angle of
incidence be 1
Let the angle of
refraction be 2
Practice
Read example problems page
441 - 442
Do all 6 calculations page
441 - 442
Total Internal Reflection
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/core/info_systems/9_4_6/Laserpath.gif
Sometimes light
does not pass from
one medium to
another, but stays
within the medium
This happens in the
case of fibre optics
Total Internal Reflection
http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/6211/t305_002i.jpg
Light reflects
completely off the
inside wall of a denser
medium (higher index
of refraction) rather
than passing through
the wall into a less
dense medium (lower
index of refraction)
RECALL!
When light passes
from a denser
material into a less
dense material, the
light refracts away
from the normal
The Critical Angle
As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of
refraction increases
At the critical angle, the refracted ray of light
follows a path exactly along the surface of the
water
Past The Critical Angle
If the angle of incidence is increased past
the critical angle, the light ray is reflected
not refracted
Mirages
Both total internal reflection and refraction
play a role in forming a mirage
Mirages
Light rays pass through layers of air with
progressively lower indices of refraction, eventually
the light is totally internally reflected
Mirages
http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/photos/infmirg2.gif
The End