Transcript Refraction

Refraction
Light
http://arrowheadradio.com/images/fiber-optics.jpg
 Tends to travel in
straight lines
 If you need to bend
light or shine it into
difficult-to-reach
places, optical
fibres can be used
Fibre Optics
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/fiber-optic-fiber-edit.jpg
 Fiber optics (optical fibers)
are long, thin strands of
very pure glass about the
diameter of a human hair.
 Core - Thin glass center of
the fiber where the light
travels
 Cladding - Outer optical
material surrounding the
core that reflects the light
back into the core
 Buffer coating - Plastic
coating that protects the
fiber from damage and
moisture
Refraction
http://thescienceroom.pbworks.com/f/brokpen.jpg
 Light also bends when
it passes from one
medium into another
such as from water to
air
 The pencil appears to
bend because light rays
change direction as the
move between mediums
Refraction in a Pool
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 You may have stood
by a pool and seen
an object on the
bottom that you
want to pick up
 When you dived in
to get the object, it
wasn’t where it
appeared to be
Why?
 This happens because the light rays change
direction at the surface of the water as
they pass between the water and the air
 When we view the refracted light rays we
assume they have traveled in a straight line
 If you trace the light rays back in a straight
line you will find that they don’t lead to the
object
How Light Refracts
 If light strikes a
new medium at and
angle it will bend
 Think of a light
beam as the leading
edge of a wave, the
part that strikes
the surface first
slows down
How Light Refracts
http://optics.mbhs.edu/snells-law/image1.JPG
 As light enters the
plastic block it slows
down and refracts
 As light leaves the
block and enters the
air it speeds up and
refracts
 Light does not refract
inside the block, only
when changing mediums
Speed of Light
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ay.jpg
 In a vacuum, light
travels at almost 300
million m/s or 3.0X108
m/s
 Light travels almost
that fast in air
 The more dense the
medium, the slower
light can travel through
it.
The Index of Refraction
 The amount by which a transparent medium
decreases the speed of light is indicated by
a number called the index of refraction
 The larger the refractive index, the more
the medium decreases the speed of light
 The refractive index of the speed of light in
a vacuum (and approx. air) is 1.00
Calculating the Index of
Refraction
Index of refraction =
Speed of light in a vacuum
Speed of light in medium
Or
n = c/v
 The refractive
index of a medium,
n, is calculated by
comparing the
speed of light in the
medium, v, with the
speed of light in a
vacuum, c.
Practice
Read example problems page
438
Do all 6 calculations page
438
Angles of Refraction
 Angles of refracted
light rays are
usually measured
from the normal,
drawn at 90º to the
surface where the
light ray crosses
between two media
Low to High Refractive Index
 When light travels
from air, with a low
refractive index to
water, with a high
refractive index, it
bends toward the
normal
Low to High Refractive Index
 When light travels
from water, with a
higher refractive index
(denser medium) to air,
with a lower refractive
index (less dense
medium), it bends away
from the normal
Dispersion
http://www.educationalelectronicsusa.com/l/images/light-XVa.gif
 The splitting of a ray into its component
colours is known as dispersion of light and
the band of colours is known as a spectrum
Rainbows
 The most common type
of dispersion is in the
formation of a rainbow
 When sunlight passes
through a rain drop,
some of the light is
refracted, once on
entering and again on
exiting the drop
 Both refractions cause
separation of the white
light
Snell’s Law
 A formula that uses
the index of
refraction to
calculate the new
angle that a ray will
take as a beam of
light strikes the
interface between
two media
Calculations with Snell’s Law
n1 sin 1= n2 sin 2
 Let the indices of the
two media be n1 and n2
 Let the angle of
incidence be 1
 Let the angle of
refraction be 2
Practice
Read example problems page
441 - 442
Do all 6 calculations page
441 - 442
Total Internal Reflection
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/core/info_systems/9_4_6/Laserpath.gif
 Sometimes light
does not pass from
one medium to
another, but stays
within the medium
 This happens in the
case of fibre optics
Total Internal Reflection
http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/6211/t305_002i.jpg
 Light reflects
completely off the
inside wall of a denser
medium (higher index
of refraction) rather
than passing through
the wall into a less
dense medium (lower
index of refraction)
RECALL!
 When light passes
from a denser
material into a less
dense material, the
light refracts away
from the normal
The Critical Angle
 As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of
refraction increases
 At the critical angle, the refracted ray of light
follows a path exactly along the surface of the
water
Past The Critical Angle
 If the angle of incidence is increased past
the critical angle, the light ray is reflected
not refracted
Mirages
 Both total internal reflection and refraction
play a role in forming a mirage
Mirages
 Light rays pass through layers of air with
progressively lower indices of refraction, eventually
the light is totally internally reflected
Mirages
http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/photos/infmirg2.gif
The End