Transcript X-ray Astronomy

High Energy Astrophysics
- Detectors & Missions
Dr. Gerald J. (Jerry) Fishman
NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, AL USA
July 4, 2002
High Energy Astrophysics
Usual Methods of Study:
• X-ray Astronomy
• Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• Cosmic Ray Astrophysics
But Also:
Radio, Optical, IR, …
(And Two New Astronomies:
• Neutrino Astronomy
• Gravitational Astronomy )
Electromagnetic Spectrum /
Temperature Scale
Discovery of Cosmic Rays - 1912
•
In a balloon, at an altitude of 5,000
meters Victor Hess, the father of
cosmic ray research, discovered
"penetrating radiation" coming from
space.
V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936
‹date/time›
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X-ray & Gamma-Ray “Telescopes”
Aperture:
Detector:
Collimator
Coded Aperture
Grazing Incidence Mirror
Nothing (Un-collimated)
.
.
CCD
Proportional Counter
Scintillation Detector
.
.
.
High-Energy
Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” :
- Compton Telescope
- Pair-tracking Telescope
- Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope
High-Energy Photon Interactions
- the Basis for all Detectors
• Photoelectric Effect
•Compton Scattering
•Pair Production
Photoelectric Interaction
Photon knocks out a bound electron,
losing all of its energy to the electron
CCDs, Proportional Counters, Scintillation Detectors, . .
Compton Scattering
Photon scatters off of an electron, losing part of its
energy to the electron and continues in another direction
Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope
Pair Production
A very high energy electron interacts with matter and
produces an electron-positron pair (E=mc2)
Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope
UHURU (SAS-1)
First X-ray Astronomy Satellite
1970-1974
HEAO Program: 1978 - 1982
High Energy Astronomy Observatory
- Had Observational Support from AAVSO
The Great Observatories (4) :
Hubble Space Telescope
1990 - ~2010
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
1991 -
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
1999 - ~2010
SIRTF
2003 - ~2006
(Space InfraRed Telescope Facility)
High Energy Missions
2000
X-Ray Astronomy
Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing)
( - Primarily for sky surveys and timing studies)
Timeframe
Uhuru (SAS-1), ANS, Ariel-5,
SAS-3, HEAO-A1, …
1970s
EXOSAT, WATCH/GRANAT, … 1980s
BeppoSAX, Rossi-XTE
1990s
Focusing X-Ray Optics
X-ray Astronomy (Focusing)
Einstein (HEAO-2)
Currently in Orbit & Operational:
CHANDRA
XMM-Newton
Future:
Constellation-X
XEUS
Constellation – X (Con-X)
• Four identical satellites
• ~100x present sensitivity
• Launched singly or in pairs
• Extended truss in orbit
Constellation – X (Con-X)
Two Spacecraft in Atlas V Shroud
Constellation-X Sensitivity
XEUS
The Xeus Mirror Spacecraft:
XEUS
Two-Component S/C
- flying in formation with Space Station
Gamma-Ray Astronomy
– Future Developments
Hard X-rays
& GRBs
BATSE
Nuclear
OSSE
H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV)
COMPTEL
EGRET
CGRO
HETE-2
SWIFT
INTEGRAL
Future:GLAST
EXIST - Distant Future
ACT
- Distant Future
SWIFT
• ~1000 GRBs studied over a three year period
• 0.3-2.5 arcsec positions for each GRB
• Multiwavelength observatory (gamma, X-ray, UV and
optical)
• 20-70s reaction time
• Five times more sensitive than BATSE
• Spectroscopy from 0.2-150 keV
• Six colors covering 170-650nm
• Capability to directly measure redshift
• GRB Positions publicly distributed within seconds
SWIFT
The INTEGRAL Mission
• Scheduled for Launch: Oct. 2002
• Two Major Instruments: IBIS & SPIE
• Energy Range: 15 keV to 20 MeV
The SPIE Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft
Coded Aperture >>
Ge Detector Array >>
GLAST
GLAST
Large Area Telescope
(LAT)
Pair-Tracker Section >>
Scintillation Detector >>
GLAST
GLAST Burst Monitor
(GBM)
•Principal Investigator:
Charles Meegan, MSFC
•No. Detectors: 14
•NaI (12)
•BGO (2)
5keV - 1 MeV
150 keV - 30 MeV
Un-collimated Scint.
Detector Array
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope
(EXIST)
•Obscured AGNs
•GRBs out to z ~20-30 (~20X BATSE; ~5X Swift sensitivity)
• All-sky imaging (5’ resolution; ~5-50”position) every 95min
EXIST
Detector-collimator & Telescope
Side View
EUSO – Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays
Observed via optical emissions from
above:
Neutrino Astronomy
-Large Amount of Material Needed
to Interact with and Detect Neutrinos
Gravitational Wave Astronomy
Space
LISA
Ground
LIGO
LIGO
LISA Mission
LISA : Scientific Objectives
LISA - Baseline, 3 S/C
X-ray Astronomy in Japan
Hakucho 1979-1985
Tenma
1983-1989
Ginga
ASCA
1993-2001
1987-1991
ASTRO-E2
The End
Back-up slides
Centaurus A
High Energy Astrophysics
- The study of objects and regions of space where the
energy density is much greater than that of normal stars and
galaxies
Some Objects of HEA:
• Compact Objects* & Binary Systems
• Cosmic Rays
• Solar Flares
• AGNs
• GRBs, …
* - BHs, Neutron stars, Strange stars
Gamma-Ray Astronomy - Evolution
Balloon Flights – Continuous Development of
Instrumentation, Techniques & Initial Observations
Early, Small Spacecraft:
Explorer-11, SAS-3, COS-B
Later, Major Spacecraft: HEAO-1, HEAO-3, GRANAT/SIGMA
Compton GRO
Hard X-rays
& GRBs
BATSE
Nuclear
OSSE
COMPTEL
H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV)
EGRET
The IBIS Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft
Future Japanese X-ray Mission –
ASTRO-E2
• Astro-E lost at launch, Feb. 2000
• Astro-E2 Planned for Feb. 2005
• ~170 Layers of Nested X-ray Mirrors
• 4.5-meter Focal Length
• Three Major Instruments:
•X-ray Spectrometer
•X-ray Imaging Spectrometer
•Hard X-ray Imaging Detectors