Transcript Nutrition - 4120mccook

Nutrition
Birth through 1 year
The First 6 Months
• Breast Feeding
– Most preferred complete diet for the infant
during the first 6 months
– If the mother is well-nourished, the infant
usually requires no specific vitamin
supplements
• Except Iron, which is needed by 4-6 months when
fetal iron stores are depleted
The First 6 Months
• Iron Fortified Formula- an acceptable
breast feeding alternative.
– WIC- provides formula for 1 year
• No other form of milk, such as cow’s milk,
is acceptable for nutritional needs of the
infant.
– Limited digetibility, increased risk of bacterial
contamination, and lack of nutrition needed
for appropriate growth
• No additional fluids are needed, including
water and juice, during the first 4-6 months
Feeding Schedules
• Demand Feedings- given when the infant
signals hunger
• Scheduled Feedings- arranged at
predetermined intervals
• Feeding schedules should be determined
by the infant’s hunger
Infants and Solid Foods
• Solid Foods
– Infants in the first 6 months are not developmentally
ready for solid foods
– The extrusion reflex causes food to be pushed out of
the mouth
– Early introduction of solid foods may cause:
• Excessive weight gain
• Predisposition to Allergies
• Iron deficiency Anemia- iron is important for red blood cells,
which supplies oxygen to the body’s tissues
The Second 6 Months
• Breast milk or formula continues to be the
primary source of nutrition
• If breast feeding is discontinued, iron
fortified formula should be substituted
The Second 6 Months: Introduction
of Solid Foods
• By 6 months, their digestive system has
matured sufficiently to handle more
complex nutrients and is less sensitive to
potentially allergenic foods
• Tooth eruption is beginning and facilitates
biting and chewing
• The extrusion reflex has disappeared,
allowing the infant to swallow
Starting Solid Foods
• Start with iron fortified infant rice cereal
– Easily digested
– Low allergenic potential
• Only one baby food should be introduced
at a time every 5-7 days so that an allergic
reaction to a particular food can be
distinguished
Common Baby Food Sequence
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Week 1- Rice
Next, introduce the fruits or vegetable groups
Week 2- Apples
Week 3- Bananas
Week 4- Pears, etc.
Week 5- Carrots
Week 6- Green Beans
Next, Introduce Meats
It is best to introduce many different foods in the first
year, when the infant is more likely to eat them because
of their hearty appetite from a rapid growth rate.
Caloric Needs
• Continue Breast Milk or Formula through
12 months
• Breast Milk or formula milk is the primary
source for the infant’s caloric needs; foods
should not be used as a substitute for
calories until the child is over 1 year
Portion Sizes
• 1 Tablespoon per year is standard and
adequate
– For example, infants under 12 months
consume ½ to ¾ tablespoon
• New foods are fed from 1 teaspoon to a
few tablespoons
• As the amount of solid food increases, the
amount of milk consumed decreases
Preparing Solid Foods
• First foods are pureed (in a blender or
food processor), finely mashed (bananas),
or bought commercially prepared (baby
food jars)
Initial Introduction
• Infants often push the spoon away and
appear dissatisfied when it’s first
introduced
• Remain Patient
• Gently place food toward the back of the
tongue with a designated baby spoon
• Food placed on the front of the tongue is
easily pushed out
Methods of Introduction
• Feeding is a learning process in addition
to providing nutrition, therefore, new foods
should be given alone to allow the child to
learn new tastes and textures
• Sometimes you have to mix favorite foods
with least preferred foods in order
encourage the child to try it, but this
should not become routine
Methods of Introduction
• For health infants, food should not be fed
through a bottle with an enlarged opening
– This deprives the child of the pleasure of
learning new tastes and textures
– This may also cause problems with poor
chewing of food later in life
Finger Foods
• Introduced at 6 months
– Crackers, raw fruits, or vegetables
– BE CAREFUL, CHOKING HAZARDS
– Use judgement based on your child’s
developmental stage. Every child is different.
– Avoid known foods that are choking hazards:
hot dogs, nuts, grapes, raw carots, popcorn,
and hard candies
Table Foods
• Chopped table food or commercially
prepared junior foods can be started by 912 months
General Guidelines
• Cereal
– Introduce commercially prepared iron-fortified cereal
– Discontinue iron supplement once cereal is given
– Give cereal daily until 18 months
• Juice
– dilute juice with water and limit juice to 4 oz per day
– Offer juice in a cup, not a bottle to reduce
development of bottle induced tooth cavities
• Fruits and Vegetables
– Avoid canned fruits and vegetables that are not
specifically for infants; these contain salt, sugar, and
preservatives that are not recommended for infants
General Guidelines
• Meat, Fish, and Chicken
– Avoid fatty meats (sausage, hot dogs)
– Prepare by baking, avoid deep frying
• Eggs and Cheese
– Serve egg yolk hard boiled and mashed, soft cooked,
or poached
– Introduce egg whites in small quantities toward the
end of the first year to detect an allergy
– Use cheese as a substitute for meat and as a finger
food