Transcript why live enar a volcano-1

Why do people live in volcanic
areas?
1. What are the advantages?
2. What happens when it erupts?
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These are the countries we are going to mention
today – do you know which they are?
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• People live close to volcanoes because they felt that the
advantages outweighed the disadvantages.
• Most volcanoes are perfectly safe for long periods in
between eruptions
• Today, about 500 million people live on or close to
volcanoes.
• We even have major cities close to active volcanoes.
Popocatapetl is a volcanic mountain less than 50 miles
from Mexico City in Mexico.
• In short, the main things that attract people to live near
active volcanoes are minerals, geothermal energy, fertile
soils and tourism.
• Lets look at each one...
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Minerals
• Magna rising from deep inside the earth contains a
range of minerals.
• This means that minerals such as tin, silver, gold, copper
and even diamonds can be found in volcanic rocks.
• Hot gasses escaping through vents of active volcanoes
also bring minerals to the surface, notably sulphur,
which collects around the vents as it condenses and
solidifies.
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Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal energy means heat energy from the
earth.
• The heat from underground steam is used to drive
turbines and produce electricity, or to heat water
supplies that are then used to provide household
heating and hot water.
• Where steam doesn't naturally occur it is possible to
drill several deep holes into very hot rocks, pump
cool water down one hole and extract steam from
another hole close by.
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Geothermal Energy
• Countries such as
Iceland make
extensive use of
geothermal power,
with approximately
two thirds of
Iceland's electricity • 26% of Iceland’s electricity
coming from steam
comes from Geothermal
Power.
powered turbines.
• Iceland has over 200 • Reykjavik is said to be “the
most unpolluted capital in
volcanoes and 800
Europe.”
hot springs
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Other uses of Geothermal power in Iceland
• It is also used for
recreational purposes
• Blaa Lonio - The Blue
Lagoon. In the middle
of this huge lava field
sits this pool of
seawater naturally
heated by the
geothermal activity
below the surface
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Fertile Soils
• Volcanic rocks are rich in minerals, but when the rocks are fresh
the minerals are not available to plants.
• The rocks need thousands of years to become weathered and
broken down before they form rich soils.
• When they do become soils though, they form some of the
richest ones on the planet.
• The Naples area, which includes Mount Vesuvius, has such rich
soils thanks to two large eruptions 35,000 and 12000 years ago.
Both eruptions produced very thick deposits of ash and broken
rocks which have weathered to rich soils.
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Tourism
• Around the volcano may be warm
bathing lakes, hot springs, bubbling
mud pools and steam vents.
• Geysers are always popular tourist
attractions, such as Old Faithful in the
Yellowstone National Park, USA. Old
Faithful is such a popular tourist
feature that it even has its own 24
hour Old Faithful webcam.
This one is in
New Zealand
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Tourism
• Iceland markets itself as a land of fire and ice, attracting tourists
with a mix of volcanoes and glaciers, often both in the same
place.
• The wild, raw and barren volcanic landscapes also attract tourists
who want to see what the early planet may have looked like.
• Locals economies can profit from volcanism throughout the year,
whereas skiing, for example, has only a limited winter season.
• In Uganda, a country trying hard to increase its tourist industry,
the volcanic region around Mt Elgon is being heavily promoted for
it's landscape, huge waterfalls, wildlife, climbing and hiking and its
remote 'get away from it all' location.
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Building Materials
• Blocks of lava are used
for building materials
• Granite is a volcanic rock
• Ash is used in cement to
build with.
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They stay there because there is nowhere else
to go – it is home
• Some people are too poor to leave their home
(especially in LEDCs) – also poor education does not
explain why they should move further away
• Even when people can afford to leave the area they may
be too attached to their homes to leave. Their families
have been there for generations.
• And there are so many people living in these dangerous
areas, that it would difficult if not impossible to rehouse them, especially as many areas that provide food
for so many other people.
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Warning Signs
• Before an eruption, magma moves into the area beneath
the volcano and collects in a magma chamber, or
reservoir.
• As it comes closer to the surface, the magma releases
gases.
• These events can offer valuable clues about the
likelihood of an eruption.
• For example, the movement of magma produces small
earthquakes and vibrations
• Magma gathering in a chamber causes slight swelling of
the volcano's slopes.
• Gases released near the volcano can be measured for
changes in quantity and makeup.
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Monitoring Methods
• A number of tools can be used to record these warning
signs.
• Seismographs can detect small earthquakes,
• while tiltmeters and geodimeters can measure the subtle
swelling of a volcano.
• Spectrometers can measure amounts of sulfur dioxide
– a telltale gas that is released in increasing quantities before an
eruption.
• Using these and other tools, it's possible to closely
monitor activity at an awakening volcano.
• Volcanologists are becoming very skilled at predicting the
likelihood of an eruption.
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Prediction of Volcanoes
After the eruption….
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Management as the volcano is
erupting
• Can you stop lava flow?
• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada29998397
• Make notes on how lave flow can be diverted
using the BBC news article and p112 of the
textbook.
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So you are living in a volcanic
zone?
What can you do to stay safe: Case
study Mr Rainier, Washington State,
USA
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But ... a different view from "Volcano World:
"Mount Rainier is potentially the most dangerous volcano in the
Cascades because it is very steep, covered in large amounts of ice
and snow, and near a large population that lives in lowland
drainages. Numerous debris avalanches start on the volcano.
The largest debris avalanche traveled more than 60 miles (100
km) to Puget Sound. The most recent eruption was about 2,200
years ago and covered the eastern half of the park with up to one
foot (30 cm) of lapilli, blocks, and bombs."
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What is done to protect the
area around Mt. Rainier?
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Volcanic Hazard management
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
Describe the location of Mt Rainer
List 4 volcanic hazards associated with
Mt Rainer
What is a Lahar?
Using the Map of lahar flows around Mt
Rainer: Describe and explain the
pattern of volcanic hazards associated
with Mt Rainer
Explain 3 ways in which the volcanic
hazards around Mt Rainer are managed
in the area surrounding the volcano.
. Using the information from FEMA
produce a poster for people in the Mt
Rainer area to explain to them what to
do during an earthquake Hazard.
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What is done to protect the
area around Mt. Rainier?
• Due to being so close to the Seattle-Tacoma Metropolitan Area, 14,411 foot
tall Mount Rainier is the most dangerous volcano in the continental United
States.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3x_lmWasD0&feature=player_embedded
#!
What the do to prevent a disaster
• Monitoring of the volcano by The USGS- look at historic records, GPS mapping
to check for any bulges in the volcano, gas sampling- changes can indicated
changes in the magma below
• Evacuation plans- routes through the park. More than 150,000 people reside
on the deposits of previous lahars in the Seattle- Tacoma metropolitan area.
• Because of the higher level of risk from lahars in the Carbon and Puyallup River
valleys, the USGS have installed a lahar-detection and warning system. The
system that detects the ground vibrations of a lahar.
• Land use planning- limiting settlement along river beds as this is where the
lahars will flow , spraying lava to cool it down, digging ditches to divert the flow
away from areas at risk
Question from Jan 2012 paper
Examples of questions
Outline why people
continue to live on
volcanic islands (4)
• For and area you have
studied that is prone to
volcanoes explain why
people continue to live
there (6)