Transcript Science SOL Review

Science SOL
Review
5th Grade
5.2 Force, Motion,
and Energy - Sound
5.2a Compression waves
 Sound – A form of
energy produced and
transmitted by
vibrating matter
 Sound travels in
compression
(longitudinal) waves
5.2a Compression Waves
 Sound is a compression
(longitudinal) wave moving
back and forth from its source
 Wave – A disturbance
moving through a medium
(solid, liquid, gas)
 As sound waves travel, molecules
are pressed together in some
parts (compression) and in some
parts are spread out (rarefaction).
5.2b Vibration, Compression,
Wavelength, Frequency,
Amplitude
 Frequency – the number of
vibrations in a given unit of time
 Wavelength- the distance
between two compressions or
rarefactions
 Pitch – determined by the
frequency of a vibrating object.
Objects vibrating faster have a
higher pitch than objects
vibrating slower.
 Amplitude – the amount of
energy in a compression wave
related to intensity and volume
5.2c Transmitting Sound
 Sound travels more quickly through solids than
through liquids and gases because the
molecules of a solid are closer together.
 Sound travels most slowly through gases,
because the molecules are farthest apart
 If there is no matter to transmit the sound, there
is no sound, as in a vacuum.
5.2d Uses and Applications
 Some animals make and hear
ranges of sound vibrations
different from those that humans
can make (voice) and hear
 Bats, dogs, and whales can hear
and produce sounds at a much
higher frequency than humans
 Whales, dolphins, and bats find
objects using echolocation,
which is locating an object using
reflected sound.
5.2d Uses and Applications
 Humans use sonar to explore the ocean
depths.
 Sonar is a device that locates underwater
objects by sending out high frequency
sound waves and recording their echoes.
5.2d Uses and
Applications
 Musical instruments
vibrate to produce
sound:
 Brass instruments:
vibrating air
 Woodwinds: vibrating
reeds or vibrating air
 Percussion: vibrating
surfaces
 Strings: vibrating strings
5.3 Force, Motion,
and Energy - Light
5.3a Transverse Waves
 Light has properties of waves and
particles.
 Light is energy.
 Light travels in Transverse waves, in
which the particles of the medium move
perpendicular to the direction the wave
moves.
5.3a Transverse Waves
 Light travels in waves composed of a
wavelength, crest (peak), and trough.
5.3b Visible Spectrum
 Visible light is a
combination of several
different wavelengths of
light traveling together.
 These wavelengths are
represented by the
colors red, orange,
yellow, green, blue,
indigo, and violet
 ROYGBIV
5.3b Visible Spectrum
 Light waves are characterized by their
wavelengths and frequency.
 In the visible spectrum, red has the
longest wavelength, and violet has the
shortest. Wavelengths get progressively
shorter from red to violet.
5.3b Visible Spectrum
 Light waves travels much faster than
sound
 Unlike sound, light waves travel in
straight paths called rays and do not
need a medium through which to move.
 A beam is a group of waves
5.3c Opaque, Transparent,
and Translucent
 Light passes through some objects but is
blocked by others.
Opaque
Opaque materials
completely block light
from passing through.
Transparent
Translucent
Transparent materials
allow light to pass through
with little or no
disturbance. Transparent
objects may or may not
color the light, but you
can see objects clearly
through them.
Translucent materials
allow only part of the light
to pass through, while
bouncing the rays off in
many directions giving
only a blurry view.
5.3d,e Reflection and
Refraction
 Light travels in straight paths until it hits
an object where it may be:
 reflected- bounced off
 refracted- bent
 transmitted- passed
through the object or
 absorbed- taken in
as heat
5.3d Reflection
If the surface of the medium
contacted by the wave is
smooth and polished (like a
mirror), each reflected wave
will be reflected back at the
same angle as the incident
wave.
On the surface of a smooth pool of
water, incident light is reflected in an
orderly manner to produce a clear
image of the scenery surrounding the
pool. Throw a rock into the pool, and
the water forms waves, which disrupt
the reflection by scattering the
reflected light rays in all directions.
5.3e Refraction
 The amount of bending of a light wave
(refraction) depends on:
 The density of the material
 The wavelength of the light wave
 The angle at which the light wave enters the
new medium
5.3e Refraction
 A prism can be used to refract visible
light. When the different wavelengths of
light in visible light pass through a prism,
they are bent at different angles. The
colors of light we see are red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
5.3d,e Reflection and
Refraction
 A rainbow occurs from
water droplets that act
as both mirrors and
prisms. The drops bend
rays of sunlight at
different angles, causing
the colors to spread our.
The colors are reflected
off the back of the drops
into our eyes.
5.4 Matter
5.4 Matter
 Matter is anything that has mass and
volume
 Mass is the amount of matter in an object
 The mass of an object does not change
5.4a Phases of Matter
 Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Keep their shape and
have a fixed size,
shape, and volume
Particles are packed
tightly together
(touching) and vibrate
back and forth
Take the shape of
their container, but
have fixed volume
Particles are spread
out a little and are able
to slide past each
other
Take the size, shape,
and volume of their
container
Particles are very
spread out and move
very quickly in all
directions
temperature decreases
temperature increases
5.4b Effect of Temperature
particles move faster
gas
liquid
solid
gas
liquid
solid
particles move slower
5.4c Atoms and Elements
 All things, living and dead, are made of
matter.
 All matter, regardless of its size, shape,
or color, is made of particles (atoms and
molecules) that are too small to be seen
by the eye.
5.4c Atoms and Elements
Atom
Element
 The smallest particles
of matter
 Cannot be divided into
smaller parts without
changing their
properties
 More than 100 known
elements that make up
all matter
 The smallest part of
an element is an atom
5.4d Molecules and
Compounds
Molecule
Compound
 The smallest whole bit
of a substance
 Molecules are made
of two or more atoms
 Two or more elements
combined to form a new
substance
The smallest part of a
compound is a
molecule
5.4e Mixtures Including
Solutions
Mixture
Solution
 A combination of two
 A mixture in which one
or more substances that substance dissolves in
do not lose their
another
identifying
characteristics when
combined
5.5 Living Systems –
Characteristics of
Organisms
5.5a Basic Cell Structures
and Functions




Living things are made of cells.
Cells carry out all life processes.
New cells come from existing cells.
Cells are too small to be seen with the
eye alone. By using a microscope, many
parts of a cell can be seen.
5.5a Basic Cell Structures
and Functions
Plant Cells
Rectangular shape
Chloroplasts –
Traps energy from
the sun to produce
food, contains
chlorophyll (makes
the plant green)
Nucleus – The
control center,
holds the DNA
Cell Wall –
Provides support
and protection to
the cell membrane
Cell Membrane –
holds in cytoplasm,
lets some materials
go through
Cytoplasm – The
jelly-like substance
Vacuole – Stores water
5.5a Basic Cell Structures
and Functions
Animal Cells
Round Shape
Cell Membrane –
holds in cytoplasm,
lets some materials
go through
Vacuole – Storage area
Nucleus – The
control center,
holds the DNA
Cytoplasm – The
jelly-like substance
5.5b Classification
 Organisms that share similar characteristics can be
organized into groups in order to help understand similarities
and differences.
Five Kingdoms
Monerans
 One-celled
 No nucleus
 Some make
food, some
don’t
 Example:
bacteria
Protists
Fungi
 Most are onecelled, but
some are
many-celled
 Have nucleus
 Some make
food, some
don’t
Example:
algae
 One-celled or
many-celled
 Decomposer
Examples:
mold,
mushroom
Plants
 Many-celled
 Make own
food
 Has nucleus
 Examples:
trees, roses
Animals
 Many-celled
 Very complex
 Obtain food
from others
 Examples:
Human, fish,
bird
5.5b Classification
• Plants can be categorized as vascular or nonvascular
Vascular
 Has special tissues to
transport food and water
 Most plants are
vascular
 Examples:
Trees, flowering plants
Nonvascular
 Does not have tissues
to transport food and
water
 Examples: Mosses,
liverwort, hornwort
5.5b Classification
 Animals can be categorized as vertebrates or invertebrates
Vertebrates
 Have backbones
 Examples:
Fish, amphibians, birds,
mammals, reptiles
Invertebrates
 Do not have backbones
 Examples:
Sponges, jellyfish,
worms, insects,
crustaceans,
5.5c Survival Traits
 Organisms have many traits that allow them to survive in
their environment.
 These include physical and behavioral characteristics, such as:
A thick
coat of fur
to survive
in cold
climates
A curved
beak to
catch
prey
Thick
bark to
protect
against
the cold
winters
Migration
Hibernation
to avoid a to survive a
cold winter cold winter
AND MANY MORE…
Becoming
dormant
during dry
periods
5.6 Earth/Space
Systems - Oceans
5.6a Geological
Characteristics
 Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of
Earth
 Features: continental shelf, continental slope,
continental rise
 These are covered with thick layers of
sediments (sand, mud, rocks)
5.6b Physical
Characteristics
 The depth of the ocean varies.
Relatively
shallow
Progressively
deepens
Moderately
deep
Deep
Very deep
5.6b Physical
Characteristics
 Ocean water is a complex mixture of
gases (air) and dissolved solids (salts,
especially sodium chloride).
 Marine organisms are dependent on
dissolved gases for survival.
 The salinity of ocean water varies in
some places depending on rates of
evaporation and amount of runoff from
nearby land.
5.6b Physical
Characteristics
 The basic motions of ocean water are the
waves, currents, and tides.
 Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are
caused by wind patterns and the differences in
water densities (due to salinity and
temperature differences).
 Ocean currents affect the mixing of ocean
waters. This can affect plant and animal
populations. Currents also affect navigation
routes.
 Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the
moon
5.6b Physical
Characteristics
The Gulf Stream
5.6b Physical
Characteristics
 Waters on the continental shelf receive
the most sunlight and can support most
of the life in the oceans.
 Trenches receive no sunlight, are very
cold, and experience extreme pressure.
They support the least life.
5.6c Ecological
Characteristics
 Plankton are tiny free-floating
organisms in the water.
 Life in the oceans is dependent
upon energy from the sun,
dissolved gasses, currents, and
minerals.
 Plankton flourish in areas
where nutrient-rich water
upwells from the deep.
 Phytoplankton form the base of
the food web.
5.6c Ecological
Characteristics
 As the depth of
ocean water
increases, the
temperature
decreases, the
pressure
increases, and
the amount of
light decreases.
These factors
influence the
type of life forms
that are present
at a given depth.
5.7 Earth Patterns,
Cycles and Change –
Earth’s Changing
Surface
5.7a Rock Types
 Rocks have properties that can be observed, tested,
and described.
 Composition, grain size and textural features, color,
and the presence of fossils help with identification.
 Classification keys can aid this process.
Granite
Gneiss
Slate
Limestone
Shale
Sandstone
Coal
5.7a Rock Types
 Depending on how rocks are formed, they are
classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic
Sedimentary
 Layers of
sediment
cemented
together
Igneous
 Melted and
cooled (lava
and magma)
Metamorphic
 Changed by
heat and
pressure
5.7b Rock Cycle
 Rocks move and change
over time due to heat
and pressure within the
Earth and to weathering,
erosion, and deposition
at the surface. These
and other processes
constantly change rock
from one type to
another.
5.7c Earth History and
Fossil Evidence
 Scientific evidence indicates the Earth is very
ancient, approximately 4.6 billion years old.
 The age of many rocks can be determined very
reliably.
 Fossils provide information about life and
conditions of the past.
 Many fossils are found in the sedimentary
rocks of Virginia’s Appalachian Mountains,
Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Regions
5.7d The Structure of
Earth’s Interior
 Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth is
composed of four concentric layers: crust, mantle,
inner core, and outer core, each with its own
distinct characteristics.
The outer two layers
are composed
primarily of rocky
material.
The innermost layers
are composed mostly
of iron and nickel.
Pressure and temperature increase with depth beneath the surface.
5.7e Plate Tectonics
 The Earth’s thermal
energy causes
movement of material
within the Earth.
 Large continent-size
blocks (plates) move
slowly about the Earth’s
surface, driven by that
thermal energy.
 Most earthquakes and
volcanoes are located
at the boundary of the
plates (faults).
5.7e Plate Tectonics
Plate Movement
Convergent
Boundaries
 Where plates
move together
Divergent
Boundaries
 Where plates
move apart
Transform
Boundaries
 Where plates slip
past each other
horizontally
 Also called strike-slip
or sliding boundaries
5.7e Plate Tectonics
 Geological features in
the oceans (including
trenches and midocean ridges) and on
the continents
(mountain ranges,
including the
Appalachian
Mountains) are caused
by current and past
plate movements.
5.7f Weathering, Erosion,
and Deposition
 Weathering – Breaking
apart rocks by rain, wind,
or other means
 Erosion – Moving away
particles loosened by
weathering
 Deposition – Depositing
of material in a new
location
5.7f Weathering, Erosion,
and Deposition
 Rocks and other materials on the Earth’s
surface are constantly being broken down
both chemically and physically.
 The products of weathering include clay,
sand, rock fragments, and soluble
substances.
 Material can be moved by water and wind
and deposited in new locations as
sediment.
5.7g Human Impact
 Humans have varying
degrees of impact on
the Earth’s surface
through their everyday
activities.
 With careful planning,
the impact on the land
can be controlled.