CH 2 Lecture
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Transcript CH 2 Lecture
Chapter 2
Lecture Notes
Matter and Energy
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
(weight); the “stuff” of the universe
3 states of matter:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Matter and Energy
Energy – the ability to do work; putting matter into
motion; massless
4 forms of energy:
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant
Composition of Matter
Elements – fundamental units of matter
Periodic table – lists all 112 elements, their 1 or 2
letter symbols, atomic number, and atomic weights
4 elements compose approximately 96% of the
human body:
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Atomic Structure
Atoms – building blocks of elements
Nucleus – center of every atom an contains:
Protons (p+) = positive charge
Neutrons (n0) = no charge
Outside of the nucleus contains:
Electrons (e-) = negative charge
Atomic Structure
Identifying Elements
Atomic Number – equal to the number of protons that
the atom contains
Atomic Mass – the sum of the protons and the
neutrons
Molecules and Compounds
Molecule – 2 or more LIKE atoms combined
chemically
Example: H (atom) + H (atom) = H2
Compound – 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms combined
chemically
Example: 4H + C = CH4 (methane)
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Chemical Reactions – occur whenever atoms combine
with, or dissociate from, other atoms
Atoms are united by chemical bonds
Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells
Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly
attracted
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Each electron shell has distinct properties:
Number of electrons has an upper limit
Shells closest to nucleus fill first
Shell 1 can hold 2 electrons
Shell 2 can hold 8 electrons
Shell 3 can hold 18 electrons
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Valence Shell – outermost shell that contains
electrons
Bonding involves interactions between electrons in
the valence shell
Full valence shells do not form bonds
Inert Elements – have complete valence shells and
are stable
Rule of 8’s – atoms interact so that they will have 8
electrons in their valence shell
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds – form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another
Na + Cl = NaCl
Ions – are charged particles; they either donate or
accept electrons
Anions = negative ions
Cations = positive ions
Types of Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds – shared electron bonding
Single covalent bonds share one electron
H + H = H2
Double covalent bonds share two electrons
O + O = O2
Hydrogen Bonds – weak covalent bond where H is
attracted to negative portion of a polar molecule
Examples of Covalent Bonds
Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis Reaction – atoms or molecules combine and
energy is absorbed for bond formation
A + B = AB
Decomposition – molecule is broken down and energy
is released
AB = A + B
Examples of Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
Exchange Reactions – involves both synthesis and
decomposition reactions. A switch is made between
molecule parts and different molecules are made.
AB + CD = AD + CB
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Two major classes of molecules:
Organic Compounds = contain carbon and most are
covalently bonded
Inorganic Compounds = lack carbon and tend to be
simpler compounds
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates – contain C, H, and O and include
sugars and starches; are classified according to
their size:
Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Glucose
Disaccharides – 2 simple sugars joined by
dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked
simple sugars
Starch
glycogen
Examples of Sugars
Examples of Sugars
Organic Compounds
Lipids – contain C, H, and O; C and H outnumber O;
are insoluble in water
Triglycerides (neutral fats) – found in fat deposits and
are composed of fatty acids and glycerol; source of
stored energy
Phospholipids – form cell membrane
Steroids – include cholesterol, vitamin D, and some
hormones
Organic Compounds
Proteins – contain C, O, H, N and sometimes S; made
up of amino acids
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
Provides for construction materials for body tissues
Plays a vital role in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Enzymes = act as biological catalysts which increase the rate
of chemical reactions
Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids – provide the blueprint for life; make
DNA and RNA and are composed of nucleotide
bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine – found only in DNA
Uracil – found only in RNA
DNA = DeOxyRiboNucleic Acid – provides instruction for
every protein in the body
RNA = RiboNucleic Acid
DNA
Organic Compounds
Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) – chemical energy
used by all cells; energy is released by breaking high
energy phosphate bonds and producing ADP
Inorganic Compounds
H2O (water) – most abundant inorganic compound
Salts – easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
water and they are vital to many body functions;
include the electrolytes which conduct electrical
currents
Inorganic Compounds
Acids – are proton donators; can release detectable H
ions; have a sour taste and can dissolve many metals or
“burn” holes in materials
Bases – are proton acceptors; have a bitter taste and
feel slippery
Neutralization Reaction = acids and bases react to
form water and a salt
pH Measurements
pH = measures relative concentrations of H ions
pH 7 = neutral
pH < 7 = acidic
pH > 7 = basic
Buffers = chemicals that can help regulate pH change