Transcript File
Periodic Trends Notes
Starting Question
Describe the periodic
trends with respect to
atomic mass and atomic
radius.
Reason for lesson
• Today we are going add to our
knowledge of the periodic table and
introduce the important ideas of the
periodic law, atomic radius,
electronegativity, ionization energy,
electron affinity and shielding effects.
Periodic Trends
• The number of protons and electrons affects
the properties of an atom.
• The periodic table is organized according to
groups (up and down) and periods (right to
left).
Periodic Trends
• There are a number of periodic
characteristics that either increase or
decrease along the periodic table:
Periodic Trends
• 1. Atomic Mass:
– increases as you move across the periodic
table (from left to right)
– Increases as you move down a group
• 2. Atomic Radius:
the size of the
atom. If you
compare two
atoms that are
directly above and
below each other
on the table, the
one underneath
will be larger
because it has
another shell
added.
Periodic Trends
Atomic radius (cont.)
Lithium
Rubidium
3+
37+
• However, if you
compare two atoms
that are side-by-side
on the table, the one
on the left will be
larger because
when you add more
electrons and
protons, the electric
force that pulls
them together will
increase, making
the radius smaller.
Atomic Radius
(cont.)
Atomic Radius (cont.)
Lithium
3+
Fluorine
9+
Atomic Radius (cont.)
Periodic Trends
• 3. Ionization Energy--the amount of energy that
is required to remove an electron from a
gaseous atom.
• If an atom will easily lose an electron (like the
Alkali Metals), the ionization energy will be low.
• If it will not lose electrons easily (noble gases,
Halogens), the ionization energy will be high.
Ionization Energy (cont.)
• Ionization energy
increases going left
to right on the table,
and decreases
going down.
• Larger atoms lose
electrons more
easily because the
electric force is less
because the
distance from the
nucleus is greater.
Ionization Energy (cont.)
Lithium
Rubidium
3+
37+
Ionization Energy (cont.)
• Across a period the atoms get smaller
because the larger electric force in the
nucleus pulls the valence shell in
tighter allowing for a better hold on the
outer electrons and a greater ionization
energy.
Ionization Energy (cont.)
Lithium
3+
Fluorine
9+
Ionization Energy (cont.)
Multiple Ionization Energies
• It is possible to remove all the electrons of
an atom. To remove the second electron
it will take more energy then to remove the
first. To remove the third will take more
energy then to remove the second. The
table on the next slide gives first, second ,
third, etc ionization energies for different
atoms.
Multiple Ionization Energies (cont.)
Ionization Energies
Element
1st
2nd
3rd
Lithium
0.5
7.3
11.8
Beryllium 0.9
1.8
14.8
21.0
Boron
2.4
3.7
25.0
0.8
4th
5th
32.8
Review of Last Lesson
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/4
39/449969/Media_Portfolio/index.html
Chapter 7
Ionization energy
Periodic Trends
• 4. Electron Affinity-the energy change
when an electron is
added to a gaseous
atom. This is closely
related to ionization
energy, and increases
going left to right,
and decreases going
down.
Electron Affinity (cont.)
• Increases because as you move across
the row, atoms become increasingly stable
when they receive an electron. In
chemical terms, energy is always released
when stability is achieved. That is
because when something is stable it is at
a lower energy level.
Electron Affinity (cont.)
Lithium
3+
Fluorine
9+
Electron Affinity (cont.)
• Decreases going down a group due to
increasing number of electrons and shells
therefore the effect is not as great when
an atom gains one electron
Electron Affinity (cont.)
Lithium
Rubidium
3+
37+
Electron Affinity (cont.)
Periodic Trends
• 5. Electronegativity-
- Ability of an
atom to attract
electrons when in
a molecule.
Electronegativity (cont.)
• This increases
going left to right,
and decreases
going down (with
the exception of
noble gases, which
don’t make
molecules with
other atoms).
Electronegativity (cont.)
• Linus Pauling assigned a value of 4.0 to
the most electronegative element fluorine
and all other elements were measured
relative to F.
Electronegativity (cont.)
• Why is Fluorine the most
electronegative element?
• Which should be the least
electronegative?
Electronegativity (cont.)
• How does electronegativity effect
molecules?
• Let’s use water as an example.
• Electronegativity is defined as the ability of
an atom to attract an electron in a
molecule or bond.
Electronegativity (cont.)
Water naturally has a bend in its structure.
O
H
H
If hydrogen and oxygen had the same
electronegativity we would expect the
electrons to be shared in the middle.
Electronegativity (cont.)
But they have different electronegativities.
Oxygen has a larger electronegativity then
hydrogen
O
H
H
Electrons are more attracted to the oxygen
and spend more time closer to the oxygen.
Electronegativity (cont.)
This gives the oxygen a partial negative charge
and the hydrogen a partial positive charge.
dd+
O
d+
H
H
We call these forces “dipoles”. Depending on
the shape of the molecule, some dipoles cancel
out. If they do not cancel out, we call the
bonds/molecule “polar”.*
Review of Electonegativity
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/4
39/449969/Media_Portfolio/index.html
Chapter 7
Electronegativity
Periodic Trends Reviewed
Periodic Trends. Up and to right,
electrons are held more strongly.
Shielding effect
• The idea that the inner electron
shells insulate the valence
electrons from the positive charge
of the nucleus so the outer
electrons are not held as strongly
as they would be without the
presence of those inner electron
shells.