Transcript Biological Effects

Cell Structures
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Cell Parts and Functions
• Plasma membrane – envelopes the whole cell and allows nutrients in
and wastes out
• Cytoplasm – constitutes the interior of the cell and controls
metabolism
• Nucleus – directs all cell activity and contains the genetic material
• Ribosomes – synthesizes proteins
• Mitochondria – energy source for cell by assembly, storage, and
release of ATP
• Lysosome – recycling center that breaks down large molecules by
inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond
• Endoplasmic reticulum – transports chemicals between cells and
within cells
• Golgi complex – modifies, stores, and secretes chemicals
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Free Radicals
Water exposed to radiation
results in an ion pair
The water ion combines with water to
produce hydronium and a free radical
H2O + radiation → H2O+ + eH2O+ + H2O → H3O+ + OH∙
Hydronium can combine with Free radicals can combine with like
a free electron to produce
free radicals to produce hydrogen
water and a free radical
gas or hydrogen peroxide
H∙ + H∙ → H2
H3O+ + e- → H2O + H∙
OH∙ + OH∙ → H2O2
If oxygen is present, a free radical
can combine with it, resulting in a Hydroperoxyl radicals can
hydroperoxyl radical
combine with other free radicals
to produce hydrogen peroxide
H∙ + O2 → H2O∙
HO2∙ + H∙ → H2O2
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HO2∙ + HO2∙ → H2O2
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Damage to DNA or
Chromosomes
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Cell Division
Normal Cell
Division – No
Radiation Involved
Parent Cell
Cell Division
Normal
Daughter
Cells
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Cell Division
Parent Cell
Radiation Damage
Repaired – Followed
By Normal Cell
Division
Radiation
Damage
Repaired
Cell Division
Normal
Daughter Cells
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Cell Division
Parent Cell
Radiation Damage
Resulting in
Abnormal Daughter
Cells
Radiation
Cell Division
Abnormal
Daughter Cells
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Cell Division
Parent Cell
Radiation Damage -Daughter Cells
Incapable of Life
Radiation
Cell Division
Daughter Cells
Die
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Cell Division
Parent Cell
Severe Radiation
Damage -- Parent
Cell Dies
Severe
Radiation
Parent Cell Dies
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Radiosensitivity of Cells
Most Sensitive
Moderately Sensitive
Least Sensitive
Sperm cells
Digestive System
Muscle
Leukocytes –
white blood cells
Vascular System –
affected in many ways
Collagen –
connective tissue
Erythrocytes –
red blood cells
Outer and inner layers
of skin
Central Nervous
System
Blood Forming
Tissue – bone
marrow, spleen,
lymph nodes
Hair follicles
Bone
Fetal Cells
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Threshold Doses
Dose
5 Rad
10 Rad
15 Rad
50 Rad
100 Rad
150 Rad
200 Rad
300 Rad
600 Rad
1000 Rad
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Health Effect
Blood Changes
Chromosome Aberrations
Temporary sterility in men, up to 4 yr
Decreased white blood cells, nausea, vomiting, immune
system depression
Mild radiation sickness, survival almost certain
Mortality rare, ovulatory suppression
Hematopoietic syndrome, permanent sterility in men and
temporary in women, survival possible
Hair loss, erythema, blisters, scarring, survival possible
Gastrointestinal syndrome, permanent sterility in
women aged 15 to 40, death likely
Central nervous system syndrome, survival virtually
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impossible
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Lethality Dose
Species
LD50 Rads
Species
Sheep
Burro
Swine
Marmoset
155
155
195
200
Human **
Human ***
Rabbit
Mouse
Goat
Guinea pig
Dog
230
255
265
Gerbil
Desert Mice
* With medical care
Monkey
Human *
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398
320-360
LD50 Rads
480-540
> 540
840
900
1059
1520
** With supportive medical care
*** With intensive medical care
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Internal Deposition
Inhalation
Exhalation
Ingestion
Lymph
Nodes
Subcutaneous
Tissue
Lungs
Extracellular
Fluid
(Including
Blood)
GI
Tract
Bile
Feces
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Wound
Organs
Skin
Kidneys
Liver
Perspiration
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Urine
Loss of Life Expectancy
Health Risk
Days Lost
Health Risk
Smoking *
2370 (6.5 years) Medical X-rays
Overweight ** 985 (2.7 years) All catastrophes
All accidents
435 (1.2 years) 1 Rem ***
Auto accident
200
1 Rem/yr 30 yr
Days Lost
6
3.5
1
30
Alcohol use
Home accident
Drowning
130
95
41
5 Rem/yr 30 yr
150
* 20 cigarettes (1 pack) per day
** by 20%
Safest jobs
Natural Bkgd
30
8
*** Industry average occupational
exposure is 0.34 Rem/year
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