Transcript Basic Chem notes

Mrs. H. Anderson
ATOMS
 The smallest unit of matter = ATOMS
 Made of : Protons (+ charge, =Atomic #, mass)
Neutrons (no charge, have mass)
Electrons (- charge, no mass)
 The PROTONS & NEUTRONS together make the
center, or NUCLEUS of the atom.
 Electrons orbit around outside of the Nucleus
Elements
 A pure substance made of only one type of atom,
found on periodic table. Symbols have one or 2 letters
(ex: H= hydrogen, He = Helium)
 Each atom of one element will have the same, set number of
PROTONS, which makes its atomic number.
 A neutral, balanced element has equal numbers of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
 Atomic MASS = protons + neutrons [not electrons!]
i.e. OXYGEN (O) has 8 protons and 8 neutrons,
so it’s atomic mass~ 8+8 = 16.
Atomic Mass  Protons +
⬅ Atomic number (same
Neutrons (hint: Atomic mass is always
as the # of protons, always a
whole number)
larger ➘ than atomic number, usually
double!)
If it doesn’t have its own square on the P.T., it
isn’t an element. Symbols= 1 or 2 letters
(if two letters, like Na, only the 1st is capitalized)
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
 PROTONS are CONSTANT, never lost/gained:
 Make the atomic number which DEFINES an element.
 Example: Oxygen ALWAYS has 8 protons
 ELECTRONS can be gained or lost, making IONS.
 Lose an electron, become positive ion (ie. Na+1)
 Gain an electron, become negative ion (ie. Cl-1)
 IONS like to bond together, because OPPOSITES attract!
Example: Na+ + Cl- ➞ NaCl (table salt!)
 NEUTRONS can be gained or lost, making ISOTOPES.
 Doesn’t affect atom charge (because it’s neutral)
 DOES affect atomic mass (= protons + neutrons)
BONDING
 When 2 or more different elements join together
with bonds = a COMPOUND.
 Hint: Look for more than one symbol written together. Examples:
 Water
Sugar
Salt
Caffeine
H20
C6H12O6
NaCl
C8H10N4O2
Formulas:
 How many ELEMENTS are in EACH of these? (Answer in notes!)
 Water =
Sugar=
Salt=
Caffeine=
(H20)
(C6H12O6)
(NaCl)
(C8H10N4O2)
ELEMENTS HINT: How many CAPITAL letters are in the formula?
BONDING
• When 2 or more different elements join
together with bonds = a COMPOUND.
•
•
Hint: Look for more than one symbol written together. Examples:
Water
Sugar
Salt
Caffeine
H20
C6H12O6
NaCl
C8H10N4O2
• How many ELEMENTS are in EACH of these?
• Water =
2
Sugar=
3
Salt= 2
caffeine= 4
• How many ATOMS are in one molecule of each of these?
• Water =
Sugar=
Salt=
caffeine=
ATOMS HINT: Add up little numbers (subscripts) If there is no # = 1
BONDING
• When 2 or more different elements join
together with bonds = a COMPOUND.
•
•
Hint: Look for more than one symbol written together. Examples:
Water
Sugar
Salt
Caffeine
H20
C6H12O6
NaCl
C8H10N4O2
• How many ELEMENTS are in EACH of these?
• Water =
2
Sugar=
3
Salt= 2
caffeine= 4
• How many ATOMS are in one molecule of each of these?
• Water =
3
Sugar= 24
Salt= 2
caffeine= 24
ATOMS HINT: Add up little numbers (subscripts) If there is no # = 1
WATER: H2O
• YOU are ~70% water.
• Water helps maintain homeostasis.
• Properties of water:
• Cohesion: Sticks to itself (like “bubble” on top of penny)
• Adhesion: Sticks to other stuff (ex: straws / gets stuff wet)
• Solvent: Water dissolves stuff
•
Spreads out ions = “aqueous solutions” (like salt, Koolaid…)
• A “SOLUTION” = a solid or liquid (“solute”) evenly dissolved
in a liquid “solvent” (often water)
• In KoolAid, the mix is the solute, water is the solvent.
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
You will need to know the names & symbols
for 10 of the most important elements that
make up your body.
You may want to highlight these on the
periodic table found on pg. 149 in your
planner!
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
IRON
Latin: Ferrum
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
IRON
NITROGEN
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
IRON
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
IRON
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
PHOSPHOROUS
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
Latin : kalium
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
IRON
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
PHOSPHOROUS
POTASSIUM
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
Latin: natrium
CALCIUM
CARBON
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
IRON
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
PHOSPHOROUS
POTASSIUM
SODIUM
ELEMENTS TO KNOW:
CALCIUM
Must be able to SPELL words
CARBON
and
MATCH
names
with
SYMBOLS.
CHLORINE
HYDROGEN
I suggest highlighting these on
IRON
Planner Pg 149 and
NITROGEN
making FLASHCARDS to study.
OXYGEN
PHOSPHOROUS
Quiz Friday!
POTASSIUM
Yes, spelling will count.
SODIUM
(p6 & 7: If going to Comedy Sportz,
you must take quiz before we’ll sign your ticket)
Unit 2 Vocab:
Complete the vocab study aid
for KEY TERMS from
Chapter 2 sections 1, 2, & 3
For each term, I’ve given you the textbook glossary definition.
You need to add a basic definition
PLUS an example, keyword, or picture.
Now: Do vocab, study Element symbols