Transcript Basic and Biochemistry Power Point

Today’s Plan: 8/3/10
• Finish Contract writing, read rubric, update
K/NTK (20-30 mins)
• Portfolio Creation and Quiz issues (30-40
mins)
• Atomic Modeling (if time)
Today’s Plan: 8/4/10
• Bellwork: Answer the following (5 mins):
– What is the center of the atom called? What’s in the
center of the atom?
– The electron cloud is made up of shells, how many
electrons can the 1st shell hold?
– What does atomic number and atomic mass tell you?
• Go answers (10 mins)
• Atomic modeling activity(30 mins)
• Basic Chemistry workshops (the rest of class)
– Workshop 1: Determining atomic structure
– Workshop 2: Forms that atoms take and determining
valence
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins)
Today’s Plan: 8/5/10
• Bellwork: Answer the following:
– Define Valence
– On your notes sheet, draw the atoms listed if you
haven't already
– Determine the valence of each atom
– What is the significance of valence?
– If you have, work on the drill sheet-this is just for
practice/study
• Carbon Modeling (20-30 mins)
• Group time and Workshop (the rest of class)
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)
Today’s Plan: 8/6/10
• Bellwork: Read Trans-fat article and answer
questions (20 mins)
• Go over questions and indicators (10 mins)
• Biochemical Testing Lab (40 mins)
• Have vocab ready to be checked today!
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)
Today’s Plan: 8/9/10
• Bellwork: HFCS Podcast and questions(20
mins)
• Go over K/NTK again (5 mins)
• Finish yesterday’s Lab (20 mins)
• Enzyme workshop (20 mins during group
time)
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)
Today’s Plan: 8/10/10
• Bellwork: turn in homework and lab reportif ready (5 mins)
• Controls on Enzyme Function Demo (30-40
mins)
• Group time (the rest of class)
• Ph/Water workshop (15 mins during group
time)
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)
Today’s Plan: 8/11/10
• Bellwork: Metabolism Video (30 mins)
• Workshop on pH (20 mins)
• Last chance to work on your project (the
rest of class)-Presentations tomorrow!
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)
Today’s Plan: 8/12/10
• Prepare to Present (5 mins)
• Project Presentations (the rest of class)
Today’s Plan: 8/13/10
• Bellwork: Basic and Biochemistry Q&A
(10 mins)
• Biochemistry Test (as needed)
• If you finish early, work on the
collaboration rubric, the next HW, Vocab,
or missing work
• Pack/Wrap-up (last few mins of class)
Basic Chemistry Notes
• Everyting is made up of elements. The
periodic table lists and organizes these
elements according to their composition
• Elements are made up of atoms
• All atoms are made of the following:
– protons=positively charged, found in nucleus
– neutrons=NO charge, found in nucleus
– electrons=negatively charged, orbit the nucleus
Atomic Parts
• Nucleus-determines the mass of the atom
(electron mass is negligible).
• Atomic number=number of protons
• Atomic Mass (Mass number)=number of
protons+number of neutrons
• Electron cloud is composed of layers (like
onion skin). These are called Energy levels
or shells.
• Shell 1=2 electrons, shell 2=8 electrons,
shell 3=18 electrons
Changes to Atoms
• “Elemental” Atoms are found on the periodic
table, but these are actually the most common
isotopes of the atoms
• Isotope-”iso”=same, same element, different
numbers of neutrons.
– Half-life of radioisotopes=amount of time it takes for
half of a sample to decay (see overhead)
• Ion=charged particles which have gained or lost
electrons
Atomic Stability
• Octet rule: Atoms need 8 electrons or a full
outer shell to be stable
• Atoms that don’t have the octet tend to be
very reactive
• The number or electrons needed to get the
octet is known as the atom’s valence, which
tells us the number of bonds the atom will
make (atoms pick up, release, or share
electrons when bonding)
Solutions and pH
• Solution-one thing distributed evenly in another
(must use physical properties to separate them)
• Water dissociation (see overhead)
– causes H+ and OH- ions
– H+ means the solution is acidic
– OH-means the solution is basic
• pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution
is
– 0-6.99=acidic, 0 being the most acidic
– 7=neutral
– 7.1-14=basic, 14 being the most basic
Water’s Properties
• Polarity=slightly positive and negative ends
which makes it a good solvent for other
polar things
• This also allows water to make Hydrogen
bonds (weak attractive forces between
Hydrogens in different molecules)
• This gives water special properties
– Capillary action
– Stabilizing temperature
– Expanding when it freezes
Biochemistry notes
• Carbon-the backbone for organic molecules
– organic is carbon-based chemistry
– biochemistry is the organic chemistry of living
things
– can form single (flexible, -ane), double (semiflexible, -ene), or triple bonds (rigid, -yne)
• Biochemicals are chains of smaller
molecules or subunits
Carbohydrates
• Sugars (end in -ose) and Starches
• Sugars tend to be simple chains or rings of
carbons, while starches are long, branching chains
of sugars.
• Sugars can be simple (single subunit), or more
complex (multiple subunits)
• Sugars are ready, useable energy
• Starches are short-term energy storage molecules
(glycogen in animals, cellulose in plants)
• All carbohydrates have the formula CxH2xOx
•
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Lipids
Fats, Waxes, and Oils
Made up of fatty acids
These are the long-term energy storage molecules.
Typical structures include triglycerides (3 fatty
acids with a glycerol backbone)
• Still contain C and H, but have far less O than
carbohydrates
• Saturation-all of the valence electrons in carbon
are bonded with a hydrogen (full of
hydrogens=single bonded)
• Mono and polyunsaturated-double and triple
bonded carbons (where do you see these words
commonly?)
Nucleic Acids
• Chains of nucleotides
• Nucleotides are composed of
– a phosphate
– a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)
– a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine, uracil)
• The order of the nucleotides contains the
code for building the components of living
things
Proteins
• Are chains of amino acids
• Order of amino acids is important, as this
determines the shape of the molecule.
• Shape determines how the protein worksparticularly w/ enzymes
Enzymes
• Enzymes Lower the activation energy of reactions
(they help the reaction begin quickly)
• These are usually proteins, which means that their
shape is important. In fact, the shape makes them
only capable of interacting with specific substrates
• Substrate=that which is put together or broken
down by enzymes
• Enzymes are NOT consumed by the reactions they
catalyze (speed up)
Enzymes, Continued
• Several things control and enzyme’s
function
– Concentration of substrates or enzymes
– pH
– Temperature
• Enzymes changing shape because of
temperature or pH changes=denaturing