Transcript Glencoe Biology - Eastern Upper Peninsula ISD

Cellular Reproduction
Section 1: Cellular Growth
Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation
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Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
 As the cell grows, its volume increases
much more rapidly than the surface area.
 The cell might have difficulty supplying
nutrients and expelling enough waste
products.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
Transport of Substances
 Substances move by diffusion or by
motor proteins.
 Diffusion over large distances is slow
and inefficient.
 Small cells maintain more efficient
transport systems.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
Cellular Communications
 The need for signaling proteins to move
throughout the cell also limits cell size.
 Cell size affects the ability of the cell
to communicate instructions for cellular
functions.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
The Cell Cycle
 Cell division prevents the cell from becoming
too large.
 It also is the way the cell reproduces so that
you grow and heal certain injuries.
 Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and
dividing called the cell cycle.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
 Interphase is the stage during which the
cell grows, carries out cellular functions,
and replicates.
 Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during
which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material
divide.
 Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s
cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
The Stages of Interphase
 The first stage of interphase, G1
 The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell
functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
The Second Stage of Interphase, S
 The cell copies its DNA in preparation for
cell division.
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth
The Third Stage of Interphase, G2
 The cell prepares for the division of its
nucleus.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The Stages of Mitosis
 Prophase
 The cell’s chromatin tightens.
 Sister chromatids are attached at the
centromere.
 Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
 The nuclear
envelope seems
to disappear.
 Spindle fibers
attach to the sister
chromatids.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Metaphase
 Sister chromatids
are pulled along the
spindle apparatus
toward the center of
the cell.
 They line up in the
middle of the cell.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Anaphase
 The microtubules of the spindle apparatus
begin to shorten.
 The sister chromatids separate.
 The chromosomes move toward the poles
of the cell.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Telophase
 The chromosomes arrive at the poles and
begin to relax.
 Two new nuclear membranes begin to form
and the nucleoli reappear.
 The spindle apparatus disassembles.
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
 In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or
pinch, the cytoplasm.
 In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell
plate, forms.
Mitosis
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Normal Cell Cycle
 Cyclins are proteins that bind to enzymes called
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to start the
various activities that take place in interphase &
mitosis. A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the
production of a protein (cyclins & enzymes in this
case).
 Different cyclin/CDK
combinations signal other
activities, including DNA
replication, protein synthesis,
and nuclear division throughout
the cell cycle.
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Quality Control Checkpoints
 The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that
monitor the cycle and can stop it if something
goes wrong.
 Spindle checkpoints also have been identified
in mitosis to check for failure of the spindles.
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
 Cancer is the
uncontrolled growth
and division of cells.
 Cancer cells can kill
an organism by
crowding out normal
cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.
 Contact Inhibition – see handout
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Causes of Cancer
 The changes that occur in the regulation of
cell growth and division of cancer cells are
due to mutations.
 Various factors can affect the occurrence of
cancer cells. These include smoking, pollution,
exposure to UV rays, alcohol, etc.
 These cancer-causing agents are called
carcinogens.
Top Cancers
http://www.sheknows.com/sheknows-cares/articles/823419/10most-common-cancers-in-the-us
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Apoptosis
 Programmed cell death
 Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink
and shrivel in a controlled process.
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Stem Cells
 Unspecialized cells
that can develop into
specialized cells
when under the right
conditions
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Embryonic Stem Cells
 After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells
divides repeatedly until there are about
100–150 cells. These cells have not become
specialized.
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Cycle Regulation
Adult Stem Cells
 Found in various tissues in the body and
might be used to maintain and repair the
same kind of tissue
 Less controversial because the adult stem
cells can be obtained with the consent of
their donor
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Vocabulary
Animation
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Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is the first phase of mitosis?
A. interphase
B. prophase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
During what phase do the sister chromatids
line up in the middle of the cell?
A. interphase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. apoptosis
D. mitosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 1 Formative
Questions
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and
expel waste products?
A. larger cells
B. smaller cells
C. cells with lower surface area to volume
ratio
1.
A
D. cells shaped like a cube
2.
3.
4.
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 1 Formative
Questions
At what stage does a cell spend most of
its life?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis
D. synthesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 1 Formative
Questions
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?
A. The cell grows and carries out normal
functions.
B. The cell copies its DNA and forms
chromosomes.
1.
A
C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material
2.
B
divide.
3.
C
D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.
4.
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 2 Formative
Questions
In what stage of the cell cycle does the
cell’s replicated genetic material separate?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis
D. prophase
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 2 Formative
Questions
Which diagram shows anaphase?
A.
C.
B.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 2 Formative
Questions
At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is
divided and two new cells have formed.
A. true
B. false
1. A
2. B
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 3 Formative
Questions
What are the “key and ignition” that start the
various activities in the cell cycle?
A. chromatin and chromosomes
B. cyclin and CDKs
C. microtubules and spindle fibers
D. protein and ribosomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 3 Formative
Questions
Which of these cancer-causing substances or
agents is impossible to avoid completely?
A. chemicals such as asbestos
B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may
contain carcinogens
C. tobacco and second-hand smoke 1. A
2.
B
D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun 3. C
4.
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 3 Formative
Questions
What is the term for the programmed death
of cells that are damaged beyond repair or
have harmful changes in their DNA?
A. apoptosis
B. carcinogens
C. cytokinesis
D. mitosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Section 3 Formative
Questions
Which cells are not locked into becoming
one particular kind of cell and are capable
of developing into specialized tissues?
A. apoptotic cells
B. cancer cells
C. prokaryotic cells
D. stem cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Assessment
Questions
This cell has completed
what stage of mitosis?
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What term is used to describe programmed
cell death?
A. apoptosis
B. anaphase
C. necrosis
D. cyclins
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the role of cyclins in a cell?
A. to control the movement of microtubules
B. to signal for the cell to divide
C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear
membrane
1.
A
D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear
2.
3.
4.
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test
Practice
Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area
to volume?
C
A
B
1.
2.
3.
A
B
C
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test
Practice
At what stage of interphase
does the cell take inventory
and make sure it is ready for
the division of its nucleus?
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test
Practice
Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells
during the cell cycle?
A. formation of a cell plate
B. formation of microtubules
C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of
the cell
1.
A
2.
B
D. movement of chromosomes to the poles
of
the
3.
C
cell
4.
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test
Practice
Multiple changes in DNA are required to
change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.
A. true
B. false
1. A
2. B
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test
Practice
Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?
A. a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate
the cell cycle
B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes
or damage to DNA
C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes
during mitosis
1.
A
D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA
that
2.
B
control protein production
3.
C
4.
D
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Image Bank
Section 1
Cellular Reproduction
Vocabulary
Section 1
cell cycle
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
chromosome
chromatin
Section 2
Cellular Reproduction
Vocabulary
Section 2
prophase
sister chromatid
centromere
spindle apparatus
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Section 3
Cellular Reproduction
Vocabulary
Section 3
cyclin
cyclin-dependent kinase
cancer
apoptosis
stem cell
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction
Animation
 Visualizing the Cell Cycle
Chapter
Cellular Reproduction