Transcript Exercises
Grade 10 Advanced Unit 1 STRUCTURE AND BONDING IN MATTER Name: ------------------------------------- Class: ----------- 1 Unit 1 By the end of the chapter, most students know the mass and charge in atoms and ions up to element 56 .Show how the electronic structure explains the patterns of elements in the periodic table and manipulate quantities such as proton number and mass number. They understand ionic, covalent and metallic bonding in terms of bond types. They write balanced molecular and ionic equations for simple reactions. They explain the macro-properties of the different states of matter in terms of their micro-structure. يتوقع من معظم الطالب معرفةالكتلة و الشحنة في الذرات، في نهاية هذا الفصل يبين الطالب كيف يمكن للتركيب االلكتروني أن يفسر، 56 واأليونات حتى العنصر .أنماط العناصر في الجدول الدوري و يعالج كميات مثل عدد البروتونات والعدد الكتلي الروابط المعدنية من حيث، التساهمية، يجب على الطالب يفهموا الروابط األيونية أن. أن يكتب الطالب معادالت جزيئية و أيونية متوازنة لتفاعالت بسيطة.أنواع الترابط .يشرح الطالب خصائص حاالت المادة المختلفة من خالل تراكيبها الصغيرة أو الجزيئية 2 Structure and properties التركيب والخصائص 17.1 Describe the distribution of mass and charge within an atom and deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions, given proton and nucleon numbers. يصف توزيع الكتلة والشحنة الكهربائية ضمن ذرة ويستنتج منها عدد البروتونات والنيترونات وااللكترونات الموجودة في17.1 . عندما يُعطى عدد البروتونات والنيكليونات، الذرات وفي األيونات Objectives Students will be able to: 1. Understand that atoms are made up of a nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in specific orbital's or shells. 2. Define and use the terms proton number, Nucleon number. 3. Describe the distribution of mass and charge within an atom and Deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions, given proton and nucleon numbers. Key Vocabulary Atom Nucleus Proton Neutron Electron Orbital’s – Shells Ions Proton number Nucleon number Atoms are made up of three different subatomic particles: protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e). The nucleus is at the centre of the atom, and contains the protons and neutrons and the electrons in specific orbital's around the nucleus. Atomic Number “Proton Number” (Z): Number of protons. Mass Number “Nucleon Number” (A): Number of protons + Number of neutrons. http://www.yo utube.com/wa tch?v=Gsf7jh Wr6ng http://www.yo utube.com/wa tch?v=EP9Et P3gRZo&feat ure=related * New Chemistry for you :3034 3 Exercises Q1- Write down the definition of following terms. .اكتب تعريف المصطلحات التالية a. The mass number “Nucleon Number” (A) of an atom. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ b. The atomic number “Proton Number”(Z) of an atom. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ c. Protons. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- d. Electrons. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- e. Neutrons. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .أكمل الجدول التالي Q2- Complete the following table. Atom 24 Mg O 8 Atomic number Proton Number (Z) Mass number Nucleon Number (A) Number of electrons Number of protons Number of neutrons 12 16 Q3- Explain why atom is electrically neutral? لماذا تعتبر الذرة متعادلة كهربائيا ؟ Neutral --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------متعادل 4 Electronic configuration التوزيع اإللكتروني 17.2 Deduce the atomic structure of an atom or ion of any given element up to barium (56) and show how the structures explain the pattern of elements in the periodic table. ويبين كيف أن التركيب اإللكتروني، وهوعنصرالباريوم،56 يستدل على التركيب الذري لذرةأوأيون عنصرماحتى العنصر17.2 .يفسرأنماط العناصرفي الجدول الدوري Objectives : Key vocabulary: 1. Deduce the atomic structure of an atom or ion of any given element up to barium (56) and show how the structures. Atomic structure Elements Periodic table. Electron configuration 2. Explain the pattern of elements in the periodic table. Electron configuration shows the number of electrons in each Orbital. Number of electrons in the outer shell gives the number of Group. عدد اإللكترونات في المدار الخارجي لذرة العنصر يدل على رقم المجموعة Number of shells give the number of period in the periodic table. عدد المدارات فى الذرة يدل على رفم الدورة في الجدول الدوري http://www.yout ube.com/watch ?v=EP9EtP3gR Zo http://www.mike blaber.org/oldwi ne/chm1045/no tes/Struct/ECon fig/IMG00006.G IF The table below explains shells and number of electrons. Shell First Second Third Example 1: 1224Mg Group: ( 2 ) Period:( 3 ) Electrons number 2 8 8 * New Chemistry for you :32 and 60 Example 2 : 8 16O Group: ( Period: ( ) ) 5 Exercises Q1: Draw the electronic configuration of the following atoms and determine period and group number. :ارسم التوزيع االلكتروني للعناصر في الجدول وحدد رقم المجموعة و الدورة Element Electronic Configuration Period Number Group Number 5B 13Al 9 F 19K 2He 6 Ions األيونات In an atom the number of Protons = the number of electrons, So The atom is electrically neutral In an ion: The number of positively charged protons ≠ number of negatively charged electrons. Each atom try to attains the stable electronic configuration as a noble gases An ion is electrically charged atom Look at the diagrams below which present ions formation states http://www. youtube.co m/watch?v =dHZlMbB Z0UA * New Chemistry for you 85 Gain electrons Lose electrons Atom ذرة Ion أيون 7 Writing activity http://www.you tube.com/watc h?v=QqjcCvz Wwww&featur e=PlayList&p= C9D5927352B A3C33&playne xt_from=PL&pl aynext=1&inde x=4 http://www.you tube.com/watc h?v=xTx_DWb oEVs&feature =related Use the above diagram to write a short story between sodium and chlorine. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Exercises Q1- Calculate the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the following: 9 Relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass. الكتلة الذرية النسبية, الكتلة النظائرية النسبية 17.3 Define the terms relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass based on the carbon-12 scale and be able to calculate the relative molecular mass of a compound, given its formula and a relative atomic mass table. والكتلة النسبية للجزئ بناء على مقياس،“ ”الكتلة الذرية النسبية، “ يعرف مصطلحات مثل ” الكتلة النظائرية النسبية17.3 عندما يكون علم بصيغته ولدية جدول للكتل الذرية النسبية،ويتمكن من حساب الكتلة الجزيئية النسبية لمركب ما.12- الكربون Objectives 1. Define the terms relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass. 2. Define relative molecular mass and relative formula mass based on the carbon-12 scale. 3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of a compound, given its formula and a relative atomic mass table. Key vocabulary: -Relative isotopic mass -Relative atomic mass. -Relative molecular mass Relative formula Mass and relative molecular mass The relative formula mass of a substance (or molecular mass Mr ) Is the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms present in a formula unit or molecule. Relative molecular mass Relative molecular mass Relative formula mass http://ww w.onlinem athlearnin g.com/mo lecularmass.html http://ww w.absorbl earning.c om/chemi stry/demo /units/LR3 04.html#C alculatingr elativeato micmasse s Hint; The relative formula mass or molecular mass given as Mr * New Chemistr y for you 36-37 10 Exercises Q1: What is the meaning of the term relative formula mass (R.F.M)? Q2- Use the following table to calculate the relative formula mass (R.F.M) or molecular mass for each of the following: Name Symbol Atomic Number R.A.M Aluminum Al 13 27 Chlorine Cl 17 35.5 Nitrogen N 7 14 Oxygen Sodium O Na 8 11 16 23 a) Nitrogen dioxide NO2 b) Sodium chloride NaCl c) Aluminum Oxide Al2O3 11 Spectrometry and isotopes قياس الطيف والنظائر 17.4 Know that mass spectrometry can furnish information on relative isotopic masses and isotopic abundance. يعرف أن تحليل الطيف الكتلي يمكن أن يوفرمعلومات عن الكتل النظائرية النسبية والكثرةالنسبيةللنظائر17.4 17.5 Know that isotopes can be distinguished by their different numbers of neutrons and explain why the relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number. يعرف أنه باإلمكان تمييزالنظائرمن خالل األعداد المختلفة للنيترونات الموجودة فيهاويشرح لماذا الكتلة الذرية النسبية للعديد17.5 .من العناصرغيرمكونة من أعداد صحيحة Objectives: 1. Describe the mass spectrometer. 2. Explain how mass spectrometry can give information about masses and abundance of isotopes. 3. Relate the difference in isotopes to the different numbers of neutrons. 4. Explain why the relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number. Key Vocabulary Mass Spectrometer Isotopic Abundance لقد طور جهاز لدراسة كتل األجسام موجبة الشحنة (األيونات) يعرف بمطياف الكتلة ويمثل الشكل مخططا لواحد من هذه .األجهزة وأهميته في فصل األيونات حسب كتلتها و الكثرة النسبية للنظائر A- تبخير العينة B- غرفة التأين C- تسريع األيونات D- المجال المغناطيسي E- (المراقبةmonitor) F- إلى مضخة التفريغ The mass spectrometer: is a device that separate particles based on their mass. The samples must move through the following steps 1-vaporization- heat the substance to turn it into gas 2- Ionization – to form positive ions. 3- Acceleration – to move the ions fast by an electric field. 4- Deflection - by magnetic field where ions are separated according to their mass. 5-detection-where a monitor displays graph of different ions according to their mass and abundance audio visual resource. http://www2.c hemistry.msu. edu/faculty/re usch/VirtTxtJ ml/Spectrpy/ MassSpec/ma sspec1.htm * New Chemistry for you: 364-6 Let students watch a short animation / video clip to help them to appreciate how a mass spectrometer works. 12 Isotopes النظائر http://www.c olorado.edu/ physics/200 0/isotopes/in dex.html * New Chemistry for you:35 Isotopes are atoms differ in mass because they differ in the number of neutrons. The relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number because of the presence of isotopes. The average relative atomic mass is the weighted average for all isotopes of a given element based upon their relative percent abundance. .النظائر هي ذرات تختلف في الكتلة الذرية ألنها تختلف بعدد النيترونات الكتلة الذرية النسبية لعدد من العناصر ليست العدد الحقيقي بسبب وجود نظائر لتلك العناصر و معدل الكتلة الذرية النسبية هو .الوزن النسبي لجميع النظائر المكونة بناء على النسبة المئوية لتواجدها Example Chlorine exist as two naturally occurring isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37 . if the Cl-35 has an abundance of 75.76% and Cl-37 has abundance of 24.24% ,determine the relative atomic mass of chlorine. Solution: Ar = = 35.48 13 Exercises .1وجد بواسطة مطياف الكتلة أن لعنصر ثالثة نظائر كتلها الذرية ونسبها في عينة من العنصر كما يلي: الكتلة الذرية النسبية 27.977 28.971 29.974 النسبة المئوية %92.21 %4.70 %3.09 احسب الكتلة الذرية للعنصر .وما اسم العنصر؟ 14 Bonding الروابط 17.6 describe ionic and covalent bonding. .يصف الرابطةاأليونية) ارتباط التكافؤالكهربائي (والرابطةالتساهمية17.6 Objectives: 1. Relate types of bonding between atoms to its electron configuration. 2- Show the role of valence electrons in determining the type of bonds between atoms. 3- Represent ionic and covalent bonds using Lewis structures Key Vocabulary Electron configuration Valence electrons Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Lewis structures chemical bond ) ( الرابطة الكيميائية is a force of attraction between the atoms which holds them together. The atoms combine with one another to reach a noble gas electronic configuration and become stable and this is why atoms banded together. http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v =QqjcCvzWwww Octet rule ( ) قاعدة الثمانية When atoms combine to form a chemical bond, they gain, lose or share electrons in such a way that each atom gets noble gas configuration or 8 electrons in its outer most shell (or 2 electrons in the outer most K shell.) http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v =yjge1WdCFPs http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v =WXyFMJ0eJA0 &feature=related Lewis electron dot structure ( ) تركيب لويس shows the symbols of elements along with their valence electrons as dots around them. Valence (outer most) electrons are usually the only electrons used in chemical bonds. So, only valence electrons are shown in electron dot structure. As you are familiar that all of the group 1 elements have 1 valence electron so they are shown with 1 dot. Group 2 elements have 2 dots; group 3 elements have 3 dots and so on. Li • • Be • • • • • .. .. •B• •C• :N• :O• :F• : Ne : • • .. .. .. 15 IONIC BOND الرابطة األيونية An ionic bond is formed when a metal atom gives its valence electrons to a non metal atom. By losing electrons, the metal forms a positively charged ion (cation). The non- metal atom gains electrons and forms negatively charged ion (anion).The positively and negatively charged ions attract one another. The strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions is called ionic bond. تتكون الرابطة األيونية عندما تفقد ذرة الفلز إلكتروناتها الخارجية وتعطيها لذرة الالفلز وتتكون على ذرة الفلز شحنة موجبة)كاتبون ( وعلى ذرة الالفلز شحنة سالبة)أنيون(ويحدث التجاذب الكهربي بين األيونات الموجبة والسالبة و هذا .التجاذب الكهربي القوي بين األيونات يسمى بالرابطة األيونية Example of ionic bond formation between Na and Cl . .. Na + . Cl : Na+ + :C :l- 2,8,1 2,8 2,8,7 Examples of ionic bond formation in CaF2 and K2 S 2,8,8 http://www.yo utube.com/wa tch?v=CGA8s RwqIFg&NR= 1&feature=fv wp http://www.yout ube.com/watch ?v=xTx_DWbo EVs&feature=r elated * New Chemistry for you: 248-250 16 Exercises Q1: Try for ionic bond formation in the following elements: 1. Al and Br 2. Mg and N 3. Mg and O 17 Covalent bonding الرابطة التساهمية The chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms of non-metals is known as a covalent bond. The sharing of electrons takes place in such a way that each atom in the resulting molecule gets the stable noble gas electronic configuration. The electron pair which is shared makes a covalent bond. Covalent bonds are of three typessingle, double and triple covalent bonds. الرابطة التي تتكون نتيجة لمشاركة ذرات اللالفلزات في الكتروناتها الخارجية تعرف ثنائية وثالثية, تنقسم الرابطة التساهمية الى ثالث أنواع أحادية.بالرابطة التساهمية a) Single covalent bond ) ( الرابطة التساهمية اآلحادية A single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms: 1) formation of hydrogen molecule 2) Formation of Fluorine molecule http://www.yksd.c om/distanceedcou rses/Courses09/P hysicalScience/Le ssons/SecondQua rter/Chapter05/0502/30CovalentBo nds.gif http://ibchem.com/ IB/ibfiles/bonding/ bon_img/cov3.gif 3) Formation of Hydrogen bromide molecule *New Chemistry for you: 256-257 18 b) Double covalent bond ) ( الرابطة التساهمية الثنائية A double covalent bond is formed by sharing 2 pairs or 4 electrons between the two atoms Formation of oxygen molecule c) Triple covalent bond ) ( الرابطة التساهمية الثالثية A triple covalent is formed by sharing 3 pairs or 6 electrons between the two atoms Formation of nitrogen molecule Activity :استعمل أشكال لويس) رسومات من نقاط وخطوط ( لبيان الترابط في عددمن المركبات المختلفة الرابطةاأليونية في فلوريدالصوديوم وفي أكسيدالمغنيسيوم – والرابطة التساهمية في األمونيا: مثالا .وفي الميثان .صمّم وحضّرعرضا ا باستخدام إلكترونات تكافؤلبيان الترابط .بإمكانك استخدم المراجع التالية لدرس الروابط الكيميائية Resources used in the section of chemical bonding 1) New chemistry for You ( LawrieRyan ) page 35-36 and page 248-262 2) http://www.youtube.com?v=yMQrDAqvqhs&NR=1 3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond#Overview_of_main_types_of_chemical_bonds 4) http://chemactive.com/flash_spring/ib/atomic_structure_ppt_2009.swf 19 Metallic bonding الرابطة الفلزية 17.7 Explain metallic bonding in terms of a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons and explain the physical properties of metals and alloys in terms of this bonding. ويفسرالخصائص الفيزيائية، يفسر الرابطة الفلزية بداللة شبكة من األيونات الموجبة المحاطة بسحابة من اإللكترونات المتحركة17.7 للفلزات والسبائك بداللة هذا األرتباط Objectives: 1. Explain metallic bonding. 2. Explain the physical properties of alloys. 3. Write an example of alloy. Key vocabulary: metallic bonding drift Delocalized Alloy Each of magnesium atom gives up its electrons from its outer shell into the “sea” Or “ cloud” of electrons. The electrons can drift about in the metal. We call them ‘delocalized ’ electrons. delocalized means "not fixed in one place" or "free to move". كل ذرة من المغنيسيوم تفقد الكترونات من غالفها الخارجي وتتحول الى بحر أو . نسميها الكترونات غير متمركزة. "سحابة" من االلكترونات حول الذرة الكترونات غير متمركزة تعني "ليست ثابتة في مكان واحد" أو ” لها حرية التحرك http://www.au setute.com.au /metallic.html http://www.au setute.com.au /metallic.html. *New Chemistry for you: 268 20 Exercises Q1: Mention the properties of metals: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Q2: Why metals are good conductors of electricity? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….… Q3- Compare between ionic and metallic bonding: 21 Alloy السبائك An alloy is a mixture of metals. خليط من المعادن:السبائك Pure iron metal Carbon add in to pure iron metal ( Alloy ) Aeroplanes are made from aluminium alloys Q1: Write three examples of alloys: a) ……………… b) …………….. c) …………….. Q2: State why alloys are widely used in industry: ………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………….. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Metal http://www.lcc.ukf.net/ chem/metaluses.htm http://www.creativechemistry.org.uk/gcse /documents/Module5/ N-m05-14.pdf *New Chemistry for you: 270- 272 22 Giant Covalent Molecules الجزيئات العمالقة 17.8 Know that some covalent compounds, such as the element carbon and the compound silicon(IV) oxide, form giant molecular structures. .( تكون تراكيب جزيئية ضخمةIV) يعرف أن بعض المركبات التساهمية الترابط مثل عنصر الكربون ومركب أكسيد السيليكون17.8 Objectives: Key vocabulary: 1. Identify the giant covalent molecular. - giant covalent compounds Q1:The following figures represents giant molecular structure a) write the name of each structure using the word in below box Diamond , Graphite , Fullerene , Silica a b ……………………… ……................……. http://www. chemguide. co.uk/atom s/structures /giantcov.ht ml *New Chemistry for you: 258 c ……………………… d ……................……. b) Answer the questions below: 1) Which giant molecule is formed from two elements? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2) Mention these two elements ? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Which giant molecules are made of one element only? ………………………….. …………………………………………………………………… 4) Mention that element? ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Allotropy التآصل 17.9 Show an understanding of allotropy. .(يفهم معنى التآصل )اختالف الشكل وتماثل الترآيب الكيميائي17.9 Objectives: Key vocabulary: 1. Define allotropy Allotropy 2. Explain the physical properties of some allotropy Allotropes: are different forms of the same element ( in the same state). ( أشكال مختلفة لنفس العنصر ) في نفس الحالة:التآصل Q1- The following figures represents allotropes of carbon , write the name of each structure: http://www. ausetute.co m.au/allotro py.html …………………. http://en.wi kipedia.org/ wiki/Allotro py …..…………… Q2- Fill in the table below with the Physical properties of diamond and graphite, using New chemistry for you 258-259 Point of comparison Diamond Graphite Hardness Type of bonding Melting point Electric conductivity 24 Properties Covalent and ionic compounds خصائص المركبات التساهمية واأليونية 17.10 Explain the differing physical properties of covalent and ionic compounds in terms of their bonding and be able to deduce the type of bond from information about physical properties. يشرح الخصائص الفيزيائية المختلفة لمركبات تساهمية وأيونية بداللة روابطها ويستطيع االستدالل علىنوع االرتباط من المعلومات حول الخصائص17.10 الفيزيائية لهذه المركبات Objectives: Key vocabulary: metals non-metals Ionic Covalent Metallic 1.Explain the differing physical properties of covalent and ionic compounds. 2. Deduce the type of bond from information about physical properties. The bonding and structure of a substance explain its properties; the table below summarizes this relation so that you can compare the different types of structure and bonding: Bonding Ionic (Between metals and non-metals) Structure Giant ionic Giant covalent Simple molecular Giant metallic Melting point high high low high No/except graphite no Yes (has free electrons) Diamond Water Zinc Conduct electricity Not when solid, but they do when molten or dissolved in water. (when ions are free) Sodium chloride Covalent (between non-metals) Metallic (between metals) Example 25 Exercises Q1: Study the table below then answer the following questions: The properties of substances A, B, C, D, E and F are given below. a) Substance Melting point 0C Boiling point 0C Electrical conductivity when its solid A B C D E F 651 790 5 803 -138 3500 1100 1250 80 1430 0 ? Good Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Electrical conductivity when its liquid or molten Good Good Poor Good Poor Poor Which substances have a giant ionic structure? .................... b) Which substances have a simple molecular structure? .................... c) Which substances have a metallic structure? .................... d) Which substances have a giant molecular structure? .................... e) Which substances are liquids at room temperature (25oC)? .................... f) Which substances are gases at room temperature (25oC)? .................... g) Which two substances are most likely to dissolve in an organic solvent? ................ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond2.html http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/compounds/ionicvscovalent.shtml 26 Ionic compounds المركبات األيونية 17.11 Explain why molten ionic compounds and solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity. .يشرح لماذاالمركبات األيونية المنصهرة ومحاليل المركبات األيونية توصل الكهرباء17.11 Objectives : Key vocabulary: 1. Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity. -Molten ionic compounds 2. Solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity. 3. Solid ionic compounds can’t conduct electricity. Ionic compounds made up of ions (charged particles) .Solid sodium chloride contain fixed ions can’t move to the electrodes. So, it can’t conduct electricity. However, when they are melted or dissolved in water, the ions become free to move around. So, it can conduct electricity. Writing activity Write another paragraph for sodium chloride ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Lab activity 1. Set up the circuit as shown 2. Dip the electrodes into some solid sodium chloride. - Did the solid conduct the current? …………………………………….. 3. Now half-fill the beaker with water, and stir. - Does the blub light up now? …………………………………….. - Does the solution conduct electricity? ……………………………………… 4. Switch off your power pack as soon as the test is completed. Q1) Why do the solutions of ionic compound conduct electricity? http://www.c hem.iastate. edu/group/G reenbowe/se ctions/projec tfolder/flashfi les/electroC hem/conduct ivity.html Q2) Explain: molten potassium bromide conduct electricity? * New Chemistry for you: 252 28 Writing chemical equations كتابة المعادالت الكيميائية 17.12 Write equations with state symbols for simple reactions, including ionic equations for reactions in aqueous solution, given the formulae of reactants and products. بما فيها معادالت أيونية، يكتب معادالت تحتوي على الرموزالتي تدل على حالة المادة لتفاعالت بسيطة17.12 .عندما يعرف ص َيغ المواد المتفاعلة ونواتجها، لتفاعالت تحصل في محلول مائي Objectives : Key vocabulary: Write equations with state symbols for simple reactions - symbols - reactions - ionic equations - aqueous solution -Reactants - products What is a chemical equation?ماهي المعادلة الكيميائية ؟ When a chemical reaction occurs, it can be described by an equation. This shows the chemicals that react (called the reactants) on the left-hand side, and the chemicals that they produce (called the products) on the right-hand side .Unlike mathematical equations, the two sides are separated by an arrow, that indicates that the reactants form the products and not the other way round. How to write the chemical equations? كيف تكتب المعادلة الكيميائية المعادلة قد تكون لفظية أو رمزية ولكتابة المعادلة الرمزية يجب التقيد بالشروط الالزمة لكتابة الرمز الكيميائي اما المركبات فتكتب بصيغها الكيميائية.H2 , N2, O2 العناصر الغازية تكتب في شكل جزيئات ثنائية, للمادة بعد ذلك تتم. Mg, Na, C العناصر الصلبة مثل الفلزات والكربون تكتب ذراتها المفردة.MgO, NaCl .موازنة المعادلة بحيث تكون عدد الذرات المتفاعلة تساوي عدد الذرات الناتجة Chemicals can be represented by their names or by their chemical symbols. Symbols of element gases are diatomic like H2 , N2, O2 . Solid elements can be represented by simples like Mg, Na, C, Al. Compounds are represented by their chemical formula like MgO, NaCl. For metals with different oxidation states ,add Roman number when represented by their names e.g Copper(II) oxide (CuO)There are reversible reactions, which means that the reactants react together to form the products, but as soon as the products are formed, they start to react together to reform the reactants! Reversible reactions are indicated with a double arrow as shown in the example below: 29 لتكون المعادلة أكثر وضوحا تكتب رموز صغيرة تعبر عن حاالت المادة To make a chemical equation complete, the state of matter of each substance should also be included. This indicates whether the substance is: (s) (l) (g) (aq) solid liquid gas aqueous (dissolved in water) * In this example, solid magnesium ribbon burns in oxygen gas to form solid magnesium oxide: 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) -- 2 MgO (s) Student activity (1): Use your periodic table and table of poly atomic ions to write the chemical formulas for the following compounds. Show the following steps; Step one - Write the symbols for the elements or the polyatomic ions in the compound. Step two - Look up the valence numbers of the elements or the polyatomic ions involved and write them as superscripts to the right of the elemental symbols. http://www.yout ube.com/watch ?v=YDJFfZ5Wq ZQ&feature=Pl ayList&p=C983 2A956597F2C3 &playnext=1&pl aynext_from=P L&index=65 *New Chemistry for you: 26-28 Step three - Use the correct combination of ions (and the polyatomic ions) to produce a compound with a net charge of zero. Multiple ions are indicated with subscripts. Teacher will be provide periodic table to students with a table of polyatomic ions 30 Exercises Q1) Write the correct chemical formulas for the following: 1. Lithium oxide 2. Potassium chloride 3. Calcium oxide 4. Barium bromide 5.Lead(IV) carbonate 6. Copper(II) nitrate 7. Iron(III) oxide 8. Tin(IV) fluoride 9.lead(II) carbonate 10. copper(I) sulfate .الفلزات متعددة حاالت التأكسد يكتب رقم التأكسد باألرقام االتينيه :مثال Iron(II) oxide FeO Iron(III) oxide Fe2 O3 31 Q2) Write full balanced equations, including state symbols, for the following reactions: a) Hydrogen reacting with nitrogen to produce ammonia gas. b) Silver nitrate solution reacting with hydrochloric acid to give sliver chloride and nitric acid c) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide give water and oxygen d) The reaction of carbon monoxide with iron(III) oxide to give iron and carbon dioxide. This reaction occurs at high temperatures in the blast furnace. Homework Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occur when aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acid to give sodium chloride and water. 32 Kinetic particle theory 17.13 Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the main characteristics of the three states of matter and changes between the states: •the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas; •the liquid state, including melting, vaporisation and vapour pressure; •the lattice structure of a crystalline solid. :وعلى األخص،يستخدم نظرية الحركة الجزيئية لتفسيرالخصائص الرئيسية لحاالت المادة الثالث والتغ ّيرات فيما بينها17.13 •االفتراضات األساسية لنظرية الحركة الجزيئية فيتطبيقها على غازمثالي؛ :•الحالةالسائلة بما فيها االنصهار والتبخروالضغطالبخاري .•التركيب الشبكي لمادة بلورية صلبة Objectives : Key vocabulary: 1. Know the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas. 2. Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the main characteristics of the three states of matter and changes between the states. - kinetic particle theory -ideal gas -lattice structure -crystalline solid -vaporisation a) Basic assumptions of the kinetic theory: 1. A gas has no fixed shape or volume, but always spreads out to fill any container. 2. There are almost no forces of attraction between the particles so they are completely free of each other. 3. The particles are widely spaced and scattered at random throughout the container so there is no order in the system. 4. The particles move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each other and the side of the container. 5. With increase in temperature, the particles move faster as they gain kinetic energy. 33 Using the particle model to explain the properties of a Gas Gases have a very low density (‘light’) because the particles are so spaced out in the container (density = mass / volume). Density order: solid > liquid >>> gases Gases flow freely because there are no effective forces of attraction between the gaseous particles - molecules. Ease of flow order: gases > liquids >>> solids (no real flow in solid unless you powder it!)Because of this gases and liquids are described as fluids. Gases have no surface, and no fixed shape or volume, and because of lack of particle attraction, they always spread out and fill any container (so gas volume = container volume). Gases are readily compressed because of the ‘empty’ space between the particles. Ease of compression order: gases >>> liquids > solids (almost impossible to compress a solid) Gas pressure When a gas is confined in a container the particles will cause and exert a gas pressure which is measured in atmospheres (atm) or Pascals (Pa = N/m2) pressure is force/area on which force is exerted. The gas pressure is caused by the force created by millions of impacts of the tiny individual gas particles on the sides of a container. For example - if the number of gaseous particles in a container is doubled, the gas pressure is doubled because doubling the number of molecules doubles the number of impacts on the side of the container so the total impact force per unit area is also doubled. This doubling of the particle impacts doubling the pressure is pictured in the two diagrams below. http://ww w.docbrow n.info/pag e03/3_52s tates.htm http://ww w.docbro wn.info/pa ge03/3_5 2states.ht m 2x particles ===> Px2 34 Exercises Q1) Draw simple diagrams to show the three states of matter? Solid particles Liquid particles Gas particles Q2) Use assumptions of the kinetic theory and the shapes of the three states of matter to complete the following table: Property Order of particles ترتيب الجسيمات Kinetic energy الطاقة الحركية Intermolecular forces قوة التجاذب بين الجزيئات Shape الشكل Spacing of particles المسافة بين الجسيمات Compressibility القدرة على الضغظ Conduction of heat توصيل الحرارة Solids Liquids Gases Q3) Which of the three states of matter: a. Have the most ordered molecules-------------b. Take the shape of the container.--------------c. Have very weak forces between its molecules--------------. d. Have fixed shape.-------------e. Have the higher kinetic energy molecules.-------------f. Have higher compressibility.-----------------------35