Transcript 3RD PIDF CONFERENCE *Building Climate Resilient Green Blue

3RD PIDF CONFERENCE
“Building Climate Resilient Green Blue
Pacific Economies”
TRACK 3: THE ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND
CLIMATE RESILIENCE NEXUS
Atul Raturi
The University of the
South Pacific
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The Energy Trilemma for PICs
Extreme dependence on
imported fossil fuels
70% of population
is without
electricity
SDG 7
S.D.
Climate change
impacts: PICs Most
vulnerable
Adapted from WEC
SDG Goal 7: Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All
Oil Usage (Fiji)
Energy Demand by Sector (Fiji)
2012
Fiji Department of Energy
Energy Supply
and Demand
(Vanuatu)
Source :IRENA-Vanuatu RRA
Tackling the Energy Challenge
Energy Efficiency
(EE)
• Demand side
Management
• Supply Side
management
• Transport
Renewable Energy
(RE)
• Solar
• Wind
• Biomass
• Ocean
• Geothermal
WEC
Sustainable Energy (EE+RE) for Sustainable Development!
The Pacific Resolve
PICs produce about
0.03% of global GHG
emissions.
RE-ENERGIZING THE PACIFIC
Facilitate the economic transformation of our economies with
renewable energy alternatives and significant improvements in energy
efficiency through the effective implementation of national energy
roadmaps and other initiatives such as Sustainable Energy 4 All
(SE4All). (PIDF Outcome document-2013)
Co-benefits of CC mitigation
GHG reductions is not the sole driver for mitigation
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Health
Education
Income generation
Gender
Globally, around 4 Million people die every year as a result of using household solid fuel.
Fuel for cooking (Fiji)
Energy for Cooking
Cost of cooking
GEA report-2012
http://www.energyfordevelopment.com/2010/04/comparative-cooking-cost.html
A solar cooker in Ba, Fiji ( Courtesy: Soroptimist Int.)
Black Carbon Radiative Forcing
• Direct black carbon radiative forcing from kerosene lighting: ~ 7- 9 %
of kerosene in a lamp is converted into black carbon due to
incomplete combustion.
• One kilogram of black carbon, has same warming impact in a
month as (approx.) 700 kilograms of carbon dioxide does over 100
years.
Environmental Science & Technology , 46, (24), 13531- 13538
PNG –Kerosene for Lighting
• 120 - 150 Million USD/annum
spent on lighting Fuel and
batteries
• 30 - 35 Million Litres of
kerosene used for lighting
• Rural kerosene prices are ~ 4
times the urban prices
• 55% of rural households are
more than 5 km away from a
national road - buying kerosene
is time consuming
Source: Lighting Papua New Guinea,IFC,2014
• Kerosene lamps can easily be
replaced with solar lights saving
money and raising living
standards.
Mainstreaming RE into PIC Electricity
• RE is slowly being integrated into
national grids in many PICs and this
should be accelerated.
• Grid infrastructure needs to be
strengthened .
• Grid extension is not feasible to all areas
and hence Mini/Micro grids in
villages/islands and Solar Home Systems
in thinly populated areas are needed.
• RE based distributed mini-grids can also
be integrated to utility grid.
• Smart Grids employing economical
controllers , smart inverters and
solar/wind production forecasting
technologies will play a significant role
in higher RE penetration.
• Technologies are available-policy and
funding main issues.
Samoa 2.2 MWp GCPV
Smart grid functions (IRENA)
PV on the Grid (Viti Levu Example)
• 25 MW in total: 15% of total demand
• About 41,000 MWh per annum
• Saving ~ 13 million Litres of Diesel and an
annual reduction of ~ 5,200 Tonnes of CO2e
120
30
100
25
80
20
15-20% PV of total demand can be
added without major interventions
For higher penetration- Smart
grids, storage solutions
Solar production (MW)
Spreading the systems reduces
intermittency challenge
Laod ( MW)
Demand peaks during the day
Demand
60
15
40
10
Solar
20
5
0
0
1
6
11
Time of day
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Graph: A.Raturi
Land Transport: Electric Mobility
• In Fiji, land transport consumes
almost 25% of the imported fossil
fuels and is a major contributor to
GHG emissions – similar situation
in other PICTs.
• Globally, Electric Vehicles (EVs)
are being promoted as a cleaner
alternative.
• Fiji government has introduced
duty free import on Plug-in
vehicles - a sound move.
• In order to make EVs fully carbonneutral, it is imperative that the
Grid is mostly RE powered.
• Supporting policies/regulations
are required to allow higher
penetration of new renewables
(solar etc) into the grid.
Solar PV charger at USP main campus
Energy Efficiency
Energy usage and GDP
Decoupling
Energy Efficiency is the
Game Changer: PICs can
also do it.
Source: SPC
http://i.imgur.com/MBpVFhe.png
Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes
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Pacific Appliance Labelling and standards (PALS)
Pacific Efficient Lighting Strategy (PELS)
Climate Change impacts on the Power
Sector
• Impact of Sea level rise on the energy infrastructure
and location of power plants, Grid infrastructure
• Extreme weather events
• Changes in precipitation patterns and surface water
discharges
• Increase in temperature affecting efficiency of power
plants
• Increase in temperature resulting in higher electricity
demand
• Increase in temperature affects Biomass production
Source: ADB, Climate risk and adaptation in the electric power sector. : Asian Development Bank, 2012.
Key Messages
• ~90% of the PICs rely on fossil fuels as the main source of energy.
This reliance presents a huge potential for RE to replace the
petroleum fuels and in turn supports a huge mitigation programme
in the region. Mitigation is a win-win strategy for the PICs.
• Energy efficiency is crucial :from transport and industrial sectors to
lighting/other appliances and diesel generators.
• Co-benefits of Climate Change mitigation on health, education,
gender, income generation will drive the mitigation efforts in the
PICs .
• The availability of finance is one of the key success criteria for
transitioning to RE in PICs.
Key Messages (Contd.)
• Substantial funding support required for Resource assessments,
R&D and capacity building at all levels/aspects of RE/EE. Technology
transfer should be an integral part of any development assistance.
• Appropriate policy and regulatory regime to support RE/EE
development and active involvement by the private sector.
• Land transport sector should actively explore the electric mobility
and other viable options.
• Financial support to the the SIDS Dock/UNIDO centres of excellence
on RE and EE in PICs to help build human capacity.
• Climate and disaster resilience of Energy sector is imperative.
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Thank you for your Attention
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