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Cells Structure and Function Cell Structure & Function Cell Part Function Plant/Animal/ Both? Plant Chloroplast Provides cell with structure & holds it upright Separates the cell from the outside environment Breaks down food molecules for energy to sustain the cell Uses energy from the sun to make food; makes plants appear green Vacuole Stores water and other materials Ribosome Where proteins are made in the cell Digests food particles, wastes and foreign particles Jelly-like fluid which holds the organelles in the cell Contains DNA and is the control center for the cell Cell Wall Cell Membrane Mitochondria Lysosome Cytoplasm Nucleus Both Both Plant Both (smaller in animal) Both Both Both Both How do they eat? Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Volvox Autotroph Photosynthesis through eyespot Heterotrophic Using oral groove to pass food through contractile vacuole Heterotrophic Engulfs food by oozing Autotrophic Photosynthesis Oozing- cytoplasmic streaming with pseudopods How do they move? Flagellum Cilia Flagellum asexually asexually asexually asexually and sexually alone alone colonies How do they reproduce? Do they live alone or in colonies? alone Illustration Asexual Sexual 1 2 identical Varied Rapid Slow Budding, Regeneration, Binary Fission Animals Starfish, Bacteria, Hydra Humans and animals Number of parents Are offspring genetically identical or varied? Rate of reproduction (fast or slow) Types of each Examples of organisms Mitosis Meiosis Haploid Diploid 2 identical daughter cells 4 sperm Or 1 egg and 3 polar bodies One Two One Two Type of cell (haploid or diploid) What type of cell(s) does it produce? Number of parent cell(s) Number of cell divisions The Cell Cycle I. Interphase- The cell grows, makes a copy of his DNA, and prepares to divide into 2 daughter cells II. Cell DivisionA. Mitosis1. Prophase-DNA in the nucleus condenses & becomes visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears 2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 3. Anaphase-Chromosomes split and are pulled onto separate sides of the cell 4. Telophase- New nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes. Chromosomes return to their threadlike form B. Cytokinesis- Two new daughter cell form. Each are genetically identical to their parent cell, but smaller Genetics and Punnett Squares Dominant- describes an allele that determines the phenotype of an individual organism when two different copies are present in the genotype Recessive-describes an allele that is not expressed when combined with a dominant form of the gene Heterozygous- having different pairs of alleles for the same characteristic Homozygous-having identical pairs of alleles for the same characteristic Genotype- the name for the genes an organism has Example: In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Give the genotype of a heterozygous black rabbit: _____________ Give the phenotype of a homozygous brown rabbit: ____________ If a heterozygous black rabbit and a brown rabbit were crossed, what is the probability that their offspring will be brown? Show your work.