Transcript Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts

Adaptation to Climate Change in the
Caribbean
- Preparing national and Regional Institutions to respond effectively to
the impacts of climate change.
Antigua & Barbuda
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Jamaica
Grenada
by
Leslie Walling
Deputy Manager
Guyana
St. Lucia
St. Kitts & Nevis
St. Vincent & the
Grenadines
Trinidad & Tobago
•Area of Caribbean Sea
= 1.94 x 106 km2
• Astronomical Tidal Range
= 20 to 30 cm.
East to west flowing Caribbean Current
traverses the Caribbean (part of the general
Atlantic Circulation).
Regional Response
 1992
- UNCED: Agenda 21
 1994
May - UNGC SD/SIDS:
Barbados Program of Action (BPOA),
15 priorities
 1994
Sept - Regional Tech
Consultation: Draft project document
 1995
May – GEF Council approval to
Regional Response
 1995
Sept – 1st (Regional) Technical
Consultation
 1994
Q4 – National Consultations:
NICUs and NFPs formed.
 1996
Jan – 2nd Regional Consolation:
develop work plan and pilot project
selection
 1996
May – 3rd Regional
Consultation: pre-appraisal review;
structure, finance, operations &
activities.
The Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to
Global Climate Change Project

The GEF-funded Project (1997-2001) is
executed by the Organization of
American States in partnership with the
University of the West Indies Center for
Environment
and
Development,
(UWICED) for the World Bank as the
GEF Implementing Agency.
CPACC OBJECIVES
Overall Objective of CPACC
To support Caribbean countries in preparing to
cope with the adverse effects of global climate
change, particularly sea level rise in coastal
areas.
Identify & assess
policy options &
instruments
Strengthen
monitoring &
analysis of climate
and sea level
Identify
vulnerable areas
Develop an integrated
Management &
planning framework
Enhance Regional
& national
capabilities
CPACC COMPONENTS
(1) Regional Components
C1:
Monitoring
Network
C2:
Database &
information
systems
C3:
Inventory of
coastal
resources
C4:
Formulation
of policy
framework
(2) National Pilot Components
C5: Coral reef
monitoring
C6: Coastal
vulnerability &
risk assessment
C7: Economic
Valuation of
coastal resources
C9: National
communications &
GHGI inventory
C8: Formulation of
econ/regulatory
proposals
Specific Achievements
Establishment of a sea level and climate
monitoring system
 Improved access and availability of data
 Increased appreciation of climate change
issues at the policy-making level
 Meeting country needs for expanded
vulnerability assessment
 Establishment of coral reef monitoring
protocols
 Created a network for regional
harmonization

C1: Design and Establish SL
Monitoring Network
- Objective
 Install
a sea-level/climateobservation network in the
participating countries, to enable the
region to start compiling data
relevant for the long-term monitoring
of climate change
C1: Design and Establish SL Monitoring
Network - Achievements
•18 monitoring stations installed
-
Water level, barometric pressure, air temp, Rhumidity, rainfall, SST, wind direction,& gust speed.
•CIMH: responsible for coordination, quality
control, calibration and special maintenance
•Trust fund set up for maintenance
•Data download, QA/QC & archiving – RAC
established in yr. 3 on UWI campus in Trinidad
•www.cpaccrac.org data presentation & products
C1: Design & Installation of SL Monitoring
System
- Lessons Learned
Varying levels of starting capacity & in-house
expertise.
 Subsequent development of capacity was
uneven.
 Need for additional training in;
– digital monitoring systems
– the use of tidal data: develop applications
(CZM & E)
– modern SL data collection & GPS
surveying (NLS & CZMUs)
– for GPS OCRES capacity development in

C1: Design & Installation of SL
Monitoring System
- The Way Forward
Stronger local interest & participation in the
daily use of the data.
 Consider more immediate localized data
delivery.
 Review objectives & needs in light of
improved technology.
 Training to all technicians (digital data
systems, tidal & GPS surveying).
 Address outstanding technical & institutional
deficiencies to ensure optimal network
performance.
 Strengthen Regional Network Coordination
function.

C2: Establishment of Databases &
Information Systems- Objective
An enabling activity to facilitate
access to information for the wide
range of project stakeholders and
general users and to meet the
needs of the project management
team.
C2: Establishment of Databases &
Information SystemsAchievements
Information Access, Management and Communication
through the internet:
•Establishment of CPACC Website www.cpacc.org
•Basic information on project objectives activities
•Progress reports, workshop reports, methodologies etc
•Calendar of CPACC and related activities
•Access to data from 18 monitoring stations
C2: Establishment of Databases &
Information Systems- Lessons
Learned
 Pace
with which info technology
changes demands flexibility
(opportunity/obsolescence).
 Web development required stronger ,
coordinated, PEO support.
 Technical emphasis of website met info
needs of project and stakeholders.
C2: Establishment of Databases &
Information Systems- The Way
Forward
Ensure strong PEO component in future
projects.
 Incorporate strong PEO elopement into
future web designs and information
strategies.
 Place emphasis on the use of the website as
a strategic tool for PEO.
 In the future the website will project the
image of the project/organization.
 Support network and related systems
through training for staff and participants.

C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources
and Uses –
Objectives
 The
objective was to developing an
application that would allow
greater access data and
information for decision-making,
including the adaptation to climate
change.
 Emphasis was placed on the
capacity-building elements.
C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources
and Uses - Achievements
•CRIS delivered to 12 countries.
•Provided and installed in 6 countries
•Sent to remaining countries
• Ikonos Satellite imagery acquired for a countries
• Complete technical proficiency in at least one national
institution
•Facilitate storage, retrieval, updating, analysis and
manipulation of coastal resource data
C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses
Lessons Learned
Flexibility in approach to project design and
implementation helps to optimize
counterpart participation.
 Appropriate financial support necessary to
alleviate counterpart overload.
 Regular reviews among key, knowledgeable
practitioners was valuable.
 Utilization of national and Regional expertise
proved advantageous.

C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources and
Uses
The Way Forward
 Commitment
to:
by all concerned parties
– flexibility in implementation to optimize the
quality of country participation.
– Budgetary support for counterparts to
alleviate counterpart overload.
– Utilization of national & Regional expertise
– Regular technical review among key,
knowledgeable practitioners.
 Provide
technical support & follow-up
to address technical issues and those
associated with delivery.
C4: Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning &
Management– Objectives
Strengthen national capacity for analyzing
climate and sea-level dynamics and trends,
seeking to determine the immediate and
potential impacts of global climate change;
Identify areas particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change and sea-level
rise;
Develop an integrated management and
planning framework for cost-effective response
and adaptation to the impacts of global climate
change; and
Identify and assist in the development of policy
options and instruments that could help to
initiate a long-term programme of adaptation to
C4: Formulation of Policy Framework
for Integrated Adaptation Planning &
Management – Achievements
•This was the final component to be implemented
•Outputs: (1) National Climate Change Issues Papers, (2)
National Climate Change Adaptation Policies and
Implementation Plans
•10 policies in draft final stage: M.O for mainstreaming
•St.Lucia’s (2001) and Dominica’s (2002) approved by
Cabinet
•All policies expected to be submitted to local Cabinets by
third quarter of 2002
C4: Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning &
Management - Lessons Learned
A staggered start to the implementation of
this project component allowed it to benefit
from lessons learned earlier in the
implementation process.
 Flexibility: The component addressed issues
of concern to policy makers to insure “Buy
in” .
 Immediate adaptation response
measures were justifiable on the basis that

response measures that reduced vulnerability
to climate variability would contribute to
C4: Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning &
Management- The Way Forward
 Support
the formulation of specific
adaptation policy responses by developing
capacity within the Region to:
– conduct in-depth impact/vulnerability
studies,
– develop and use down-scaled global climate
models,
– develop and use site-specific climate
scenarios.
 Employ
more precise scientific data as it
C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate
Change Impacts– Objectives
Establish a long-term monitoring
programme, which over time will show the
effects of global warming factors on coral
reefs.
 Identify methodologies to adjust and
extend current efforts to monitor the
impacts of global warming on reefs;
 Undertake specific activities dedicated to
raising public awareness of coral reefs and
climate change; and
 Disseminate information and methodology
to

C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for
Climate Change Impacts -
Achievements
•Monitoring systems in place and data analysis
implemented in 3 countries
•Data centre established at CMS, UWI, Jamaica
•Synergies developed with other monitoring
programmes allowing comparison and assessment
of methodologies
•Methodologies adapted, tested and made
available through the CPACC website
C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate
Change Impacts - Lessons Learned
Government commitment to project activities
should embody acknowledgement & and
agreement by prospective lead agencies of
their respective roles and responsibilities.
 Provide lead agencies with sufficient lead time
to adjust annual work plans and budgets.
 PEO is an essential complimentary activity.
 Technical review workshops are invaluable
management & planning tools for building and
sustaining commitment to project objectives.
 Sustainability: Mentoring & the centralized
coordination & technical-support functions
must be

C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate
Change Impacts - The Way Forward

Maintain the momentum of the programme
through;
– capacity building,
– Institutionalization of coral reef monitoring,
coordination and technical support,
Expand programme to Eastern Caribbean
 Data contributions to global information
networks
 Support for coral reef monitoring and capacity
building should be continued under the MACC

C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk
Assessment
- Objectives
 To
develop vulnerability and risk
assessments for the coastal areas
of the pilot countries;
 To build capacity in coastalvulnerability and risk assessments
at the national and regional levels;
and
 To inform and educate the general
public about coastal vulnerability
and the need to plan for climate
C6: Coastal Vulnerability &
Risk Assessment Achievements
•Methodology developed and applied
•Coastal vulnerability studies in 3 pilot countries
completed
•Conducted by country teams
•Need for vulnerability studies on other sectors
(agriculture, water, tourism, health) identified
•Long-term capacity building needs to be
addressed
C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk
Assessment
-Lessons Learned
This is a requirement that countries must
undertake to support the development of GCC
adaptation policy/strategies.
 National capacity in V&A is deficient.
 Lack of data has hampered in-depth analysis
necessary for V&A studies.
 There is a need for extensive base-line data
(bathymetry, contour maps w/ 1 m. resolution
below 25ft, geo-referenced cadastral
information, ecosystem status, sea-level…
 The necessary regional climate scenarios are
not available to support planning and
decision-making.

C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk
Assessment
-The Way Forward
Expand the V&A programme to the 9
remaining CPACC countries as originally
planned.
 Further development of national capacity in
V&A assessment .
 The development of more robust V&A
assessments in the Region by enhancing data
availability through;

– Substantial & coordinated support for data
collection & monitoring,
– Further development of the CRIS,
C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal
& Marine Resources – Objectives
 The
overall objective was to help the
participating countries to apply the
tools of resource valuation,
environmental accounting, and
environmental decision-making in
the development of policy
frameworks and economic and
regulatory approaches for coastal
and marine resources.
C7: Economic Valuation of
Coastal & Marine Resources –
Achievements
•Studies conducted in 3 pilot countries by local team
•Country teams trained in the design and development of
data collection instruments and surveys
•Primary and Secondary data collected and analysed
• Data collection took into account the need to ensure
that outputs are compatible with the CRIS under C3.
• C3 assessed for useful data
• Joint workshop with pilot countries involved in the
development of Economic Instruments (C8)
C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal &
Marine Resources - Lessons Learned
(1)
Significant emphasis needs to be placed on
the development of any methodology and on
the capacity to effectively implement it;
 More resources need to be made available in
support of regional team building and
cooperation, and the sharing of material;
 The original timeline for the project was too
short and severely underestimated the time
needed to implement a project such as this
and also ensure capacity transfer;

C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal
& Marine Resources - Lessons
Learned (2)
The need for software and specific training
by experts must be clearly recognized and
be integrated into projects as part of the
capacity-building and transfer process;
 The broadest possible cross-section of
technical expertise and backgrounds
makes for the most effective country team
in performing economic valuation;
 Although more time-consuming, data
collection by the country teams pays off
better in the long term;

C8: Formulation of Economic &
Regulatory Tools
– Objectives
 Assess
the design and utility of
economic and regulatory approaches
in coastal and marine resources
management in response to threats
of sea-level rise;
 Demonstrate how the use of
economic incentives) can provide
flexible, cost-effective alternatives to
traditional, regulatory policies in
promoting adaptation to climate
change.
C8: Formulation of Economic &
Regulatory Tools - Achievements
•Antigua and Barbuda: (i) Sand management
framework (ii) restructuring of commercial
sand sales, (iii) retail sand market -To meet the
demand for sand without undermining the environmental
integrity of coastal ecosystems.
•St. Kitts and Nevis: Implemented strategy of
market based instruments to influence the
quantity and pattern of hotel development
within a coastal area.
C8: Formulation of Economic &
Regulatory Tools – Lessons Learned






A consensus-based approach to market-based
instruments is critical;
These instruments should be developed with
political feasibility in mind;
Education and outreach must be an integral
component of any regulatory and policy strategy;
The design of market-based instruments should
be based on a review of economic analysis and
human health;
Regional compacts are important for advancing
selected environmental goals of individual
countries; and
An integrated approach to environmental planning
C8: Formulation of Economic &
Regulatory Tools – The Way Forward
 The
integration of economic
valuation and economic instruments
remains an essential but challenging
process. These two concepts should
be fundamental aspects of any
development and implementation of
policy, particularly one addressing
climate change.
C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent
and the Grenadines
– Objectives
 Preparation
of the St. Vincent and
the Grenadines Initial National
Communications to the UNFCCC
C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent
and the Grenadines Achievements
•First National Communications of St.
Vincent & the Grenadines complete &
presented at COP 6 along with others
completed under the UNDP/GEF Enabling
Activities project
•GHG Inventory: +95.1 Gg C, - 133.7 Gg C
C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the
Grenadines – Lessons Learned
Lack many of the prerequisites for dealing
effectively with climate change, although
some progress is being made
 Need for effective land-use planning with
the enforcement of existing laws and the
expansion of authority
 Programmes outside the formal education
sector can make significant contributions to
awareness of climate change

C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent
and the Grenadines – The Way
Forward

Immediate development of a broad-based
National Environmental Policy Reform
Project
– updating and strengthening the National
Environmental Action Plan
– establish the legal authority of the National
Environmental Advisory Board
– integrate climate-change issues into national
economic policies and plans, land-use plans, and
sectoral policies
– accompanied by educational programs

Build on CRIS to develop a spatially based
natural-resource inventory system
Overall Project Accomplishments
Nationally, all countries have NFP’s and
NICU’s.
– In some countries, National
committees have been established to
address climate change.
 Establishment of a sea level and climate
monitoring system that contributes to
regional and global assessment of the
issues
 Improved access and availability of data
 Increased appreciation of climate
change issues at the policy-making
level and technical support to better

Overall Project Accomplishments
Meeting country needs for expanded
vulnerability assessment, economic
evaluation techniques, developing
economic instruments and methodology
for coral reef monitoring
 Created a network for regional
harmonization
 Development of National Climate
Change Adaptation policies and action
plans

Post CPACC Critical Path
ACCC
(Jul. 01Mar .04)
CPACC
(1997-2001)
MACC
(2003-2008)
CPACC
Closure
Jan – May.02
PDF-B
(Oct. 01Aug.02)
CCCC
(Oct.02)
Post CPACC
 CARICOM
Governments mandated
that there was a need to continue
the work of adaptation planning and
capacity building after CPACC.
– Long-term: institutionalizing CC
adaptation process in a Regional Climate
Change Centre
– Short-term:establish a successor project
(MACC)
Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change
in the Caribbean (MACC)
Objectives
• Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in
national development planning and private sector
• Formulation of specific adaptation measures
(demonstration pilots) and of a regional position on
adaptation
• Expanding and strengthening the existing monitoring
network and the capacity to develop impact scenarios
based on Regional Climate Models
• Cross-regional dissemination and replication of MACC
results
Linkage Between CPACC and MACC Activities
Stage I Activities1
Economic Valuation of
Coastal and Marine
Resources (c7)
Formulation of economic/
regulatory Proposals (c8)
Formulation of policy framework
for Adaptation to GCC (c4)
First Communication
for St. Vincent (c9)*
Coastal Vulnerability (c6)
Establishment of
Databases (c2)*
Inventory of Coastal
Resources (c3)
Stage II Activities
Data for policy analysis
Basis for overall
Policy framework
Basis for prep of
2nd
Comm.
Facilitates identification of
demonstration projects
Feeds into modeling work
Baseline for future studies
Component 1: Mainstreaming
of Climate Change in
National Planning
Tourism and other main econ sectors
Infrastructure development
Water resources
Fisheries
Agriculture and Forestry
Land-use planning
Component 2: Supporting the
Formulation of Specific Adaptation
Options and of a Regional Position
On Adaptation:
Feasibility studies for demonstration projects
Prep. Of 2nd National Communication
Component 3:
Expanded GCC Monitoring
and Modeling:
Sea level and Climate
Monitoring Network (c1)*
Basis for strengthening
monitoring network
Coral Reef Monitoring (c5)*
1
CPACC component number shown in parenthesis
* Indicates completed CPACC activities. The remainder are in progress.
Strengthen climate monitoring network
Downscaling models
Modeling scenarios
Component 4:
Cross-regional
Dissemination
and Replication
The Objectives of the Centre
Promoting protection of the earth’s climate
system
 Enhancing regional institutional capabilities
for the co-ordination of national responses
to the adverse effects of climate change
 Providing comprehensive policy and
technical support in the area of climate
change and related issues and
spearheading regional initiatives in those
areas
 Performing the role of executing agency for
regional environmental projects relating to
climate change
 Promoting education and public awareness
on climate change issues

Climate Change Centre
Collect, analyze and disseminate
climate change observation data
 Facilitate Caribbean position to UNFCCC
 Realize regional and national equitable
benefits under Kyoto Protocol financial
mechanisms
 Assist in public awareness and
education campaigns
 Develop special programmes
 Promote information exchange with
SIDS and Latin America
 Develop regional research programmes
 Execute MACC

Supporting Transition
- PDF Block B
 Objective:
– Establish Caribbean Climate Change
Centre
– Support national and regional
consultations
– Continue CPACC work on public
education and awareness
– Prepare full project proposal: MACC
Supporting Transition
- Adapting to Climate Change in
the Caribbean (ACCC)
Funded under the Canadian Climate
Change Development Fund (CCCDF) of
the Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA)
 Total project costs - Cdn$3.14 million
 Canadian Executing Agency – serve as
consultants to the project
 Project duration - Sept. 2001 to Feb.
2004.

Adapting to Climate Change in the
Caribbean (ACCC) - Components
Project 1: Detailed Project Design and
Business Plan for Regional Climate Change
Centre
 Project 2: Public Education and Outreach
(PEO)
 Project 3: Integrating GCC into Physical
Planning Process using a Risk Management
Approach
 Project 4: Strengthening Technical
Capacity–

- CIMH and National institutes,
- Masters level course at UWI,
Adapting to Climate Change in the
Caribbean (ACCC) - Components
Project 5: Integrating Adaptation
Planning in Environmental Impact
Assessments for National and Regional
Development Projects
 Project 6: Implementation Strategies
for Adaptation in the Water Sector
 Project 7: Formulation of Adaptation
Strategies to Protect Human Health
 Project 8: Adaptation Strategies for
Agriculture and Food
 Project 9: Fostering collaboration with
non-CARICOM Countries

Thank You