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17/ 05/2010
Mapping hotspots of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
and Nitrogen Dioxide in Thailand using
SCIAMACHY
Examination Committee:
Dr. Nitin K. Tripathi, Chairman
Dr. Preeda Parkpian, Member
Dr. Savitri Garivait, External Member
Dr. Sheishiro Kibe, Member
Dr. I.V. Murali Krishna External Member
Presented by : Uday
Dnyandeo Pimple
RSGIS FoS
Background
Climate change will change our life
on Earth and will affect all nations
all plants, all animals, all humans
all living beings on Earth.
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Background
 Climate Change: Variation in global and regional climates over time
Changing Landscapes
High Temperature
Wildlife at Risk
Increased risk of
Drought, fire & flood
Heat Related Illness
and Diseases
Stronger Storms
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Background

Global Warming: Increase in average temperature of Earth
Main Impact
- Sea level rise
- Increase in extreme weather trend
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Global Warming and Climate Change
 Serious issue related to human survival
 Main cause = increase in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide,
Methane, Nitrogen Oxide, Chorofluro carbon and Carbon
Tetrachloride and some atmospheric pollutants
Socio economic
development
path
Climate Change
Rise Temperature,
Sea Level
Emission
of GHG
Impact on
Human and
Nature
 Current temperature increased by 0.40C and 2.50C temperature is
enough to melt the glaciers
 Copenhagen United Nations climate change conference 2009
- Reduction of CO2 and impact of climate change was the main issue
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Need to monitor Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
 The basic cause of rise in temperature is greenhouse gases
 Need to measure the trace gases regularly
 Need to understand sources and sinks of trace gases
 Limitations of ground stations ( Due to Spatial and temporal variability
of gases and vertical distribution)
 Remote Sensing technique has capability to measure trace gases from
space
 Large scale or regional measurement is possible by satellite
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Objective
1) Retrieval of vertical column (VC) of atmospheric Carbon dioxide in
Thailand using satellite remote sensing ( 2004-2005)
2)
Retrieval vertical column densities (VCDs) of Nitrogen dioxide in
Thailand using satellite remote sensing ( 2004-2009)
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Data and Software
SCIAMACHY:
 FSI-WFM- DOAS algorithm processed data of CO2 from 2004 to 2005
(Source: Leicester University, UK)
 Ground station data of CO2 from Wt. Waliguan China ( Station from
NOAA)
 DOAS algorithm processed data for NO2 from 2004-2009
(Source: University of Bremen, Germany)
 Ground station data of NO2 from 2004-2009 (Source:PCD, Thialand)
Software:
- ArcGIS 9.3 , ArcView 3.3, ENVI-IDL
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SCIAMACHY
 SCIAMACHY ( SCanning Imagine Absorption spectroMeter for
Atmospheric CHartographY)
 Capability to determine O3, O2,O4,NO,N2O,BrO, OCIO,
CO,H2O,SO2,HCHO,CO2,CH4, Cloud, Aerosol
 Onboard on European environmental satellite ENVISAT
 Orbital height 790 km (±10km)
 Measure radiation between 240- 2380 nm wavelength region
 One pixel size is 60 x 30 Km
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Study Area -Thailand
 Country : Thailand
 50th largest country
 Population 68 Million
 Sources of GHG: Urban areas, Industries
( Automobile and food processing plants),
burning of crops and rice field
 Ranked 22 in world for GHG emission
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Carbon Dioxide emission and measurement in Thailand
 Medium size country but responsible for GHG gas emission
(Source: UNDP, 2007)
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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide & Nitrogen Dioxide
 Carbon Dioxide :
 Major GHG ( more than 63% contribution in global warming)
 Sources : Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation are the main causes
 Nitrogen Dioxide :
 Reddish brown gas and irritating ordure
 Play an important role in atmospheric reactions
 NO2 and other compound very easily react with Ozone layer and causes
the destruction of ozone layer
 Higher concentration of NO2 causes many respiratory problems
 Sources: Biomass burning, fuel combustion and electrical installations
-.
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Satellite Remote Sensing for measurement of CO2 and NO2
from Space

Retrieval of trace gases using remote sensing is rapidly evolving area
and very helpful to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases.
 The precise measurement of trace gases is possible with combination of
satellite observation theory , modeling and ground observations
 It is very useful to understand the dynamic behavior of the trace gases
from space
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Measurement principle and retrieval methods



DOAS ( Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) :
It allows to extracting absorption of NO2 and other trace gases
For measuring VCDi of gases following equation is used
Where
rs(λ)is the measured slant optical densities
VCDi is the Vertical column densities
VCDi mod is used for calculating ( Molded slant optical density)
cj is the polynomial coefficient
I-i mod is the calculated radiance without the ith absorber
I mod is the calculated radiance with all absorber (Bovensmann, 1999)
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Measurement principle and retrieval methods
 Weighting Function Modified Differential Optical Absorption
Spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) retrieval technique designed to retrieve
the total columns of CO2, CO, CH4, H2O and N2O.
 For reducing the potential sources of errors in WFM-DOAS new
algorithm is developed called FSI ( Full Spectral Initiation) WFMDOAS
 To derive CO2 total column from absorption at ~ 1.56 µm
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Retrieval of VC of CO2 by IDL Programming
FSI-WFM-DOAS
Product
China Region
Joint Two Regions
Separation of
Study area
Gridding of
VC of CO2
Read Files
Plot Display
Set the
Colors
Normalized SCIAMACHY
CO2 Columns
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Data
Filtration
Gridding
Retrieval VC of CO2 by GIS
FSI-WFM-DOAS
Product
Data Extraction
Latitude
Longitude
Retrieved Error
Conversion to GIS format
Generation of Point Data
Data Interpolation
Normalized Vertical
Column of CO2
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VC CO2
Retrieval of VCDs of NO2
DOAS – Product
Data Extraction
Latitude
Longitude
VCD of NO2
Conversion to GIS format
Generation of Point data
Data interpolation
VCDs of NO2
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Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia
January 2004
February 2004
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Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia
March 2004
April 2004
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Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia
May 2004
June 2004
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Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia
July 2004
August 2004
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Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia
September 2004
October 2004
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Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia
November 2004
December 2004
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Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand
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Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand
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Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand
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Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand
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Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand
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Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand
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Comparison of SCIAMACHY result with in situ
observations in China
CO2 by SCIAMACHY (ppmv)
450
400
R = 0.66
350
300
370
375
380
CO2 by Ground station ( ppm)
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385
VCD s of NO2 for Thailand
 January to April very high concentration observed over central and
eastern part of Thailand which covers mostly urban and industrial area
 During rainy season from May to August less concentration is observed
 November December shows high VCDs of NO2
 Location of emission is in eastern part of Thailand
 The cities with higher concentrations in central , northeast and eastern
part of Thailand can easily identified from SCIAMACHY result
 Rayong, Chonburi and the nearest part of these provinces are observed
as a hotspot for NO2 concentration
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Comparison of NO2 with major land use
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Validation of NO2 VCDs with in situ Observations
2004-2008
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Field Survey
 Current concentrations of CO2 checked in Thailand using mobile
sensor ( 2009)
 Observation sites are Bangkok ( Urban), Nakhon Si Thammarat
( Costal area )
 Higher concentration observed in Bangkok as compare to Nakhon Si
Thammarat
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Conclusion ( CO2)
 Good correlation between SCIAMACHY and in situ observations
 The higher concentrations are observed over the urban and industrial
zones
 During burning of rice field, high concentration observed over
agricultural field
 During summer, high concentrations observed
 During cloudy condition lack of observations
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Conclusion ( NO2)
 Eastern part observed as a hotspot and main source of NO2 emission
(Urban and Industrial sector)
 January to April high emission from agricultural field
 Forest shows less concentration
 Good correlations observed between some ground stations and
SCIAMACHY result
 Southern part shows less concentrations as compare to other part of
Thailand ( many mangroves forests and costal zone)
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SCHIAMACHY Challenges
 It is not possible for SCIAMACHY to measure the trace gases
during night time or cloudy conditions
 The repeat cycle is 6 days ( Poor temporal coverage)
 For understanding the source and sinks of Carbon dioxide
better spatial resolution satellites required
 For quantifying sources and sinks of trace gases a measurement
accuracy need 1% or better than that
 GOSAT is new GHG measurement satellite with better
resolution than SCIAMACHY (0.5 km)
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Acknowledgement
I would like to say thanks to

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University of Leicester, UK ( Dr. Paul Monk, Dr.Alan Hewitte)
University of Bremen, Germany ( Dr. Andreas Ritcher )
University of Edinburgh , UK ( Dr. Micheal Barkley )
Silpakorn University , Thailand ( Dr. Ornprapa Robert)
Dr. I.V. Murali Krishna ( India)
Pollution Control Department ( PCD), Thailand
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